Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art related to the implementation of battery electric buses (BEBs) in cities. In recent years, bus operators have started focusing on the electrification of their fleet to reduce the air pollutants in cities, which has led to a growing interest from the scientific community. This paper presents an analysis of the BEB powertrain topology and the charging technology of BEBs, with a particular emphasis on the power electronics systems. Moreover, the different key technical requirements to facilitate the operation of BEBs are addressed. Accordingly, an in-depth review on vehicle scheduling, charger location optimization and charging management strategies is carried out. The main findings concerning these research fields are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, potential challenges and required further developments are determined. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that an accurate energy consumption assessment of their BEBs is a must for bus operators, that real-time, multi-objective smart charging management strategies with V2X features should be included when performing large bus fleet scheduling and that synchronized opportunity charging, smart green depot charging, and electric bus rapid transit can further reduce the impact on the grid. This review paper should help to enable a smarter and more efficient integration of BEBs in cities in the future.
Highlights
Climate change and air pollution are two major environmental concerns worldwide, and both are directly linked to emissions caused by human activities
Detailed modelling of the battery electric buses (BEBs) powertrain has led to an accurate estimation of the average energy consumption for standard, double-decker, and articulated buses, which gives bus operators an immediate insight into the bus types that are suited for their bus lines
This paper presented an overview of the key technical aspects for facilitating a smart and efficient implementation of BEBs in cities as they have recently attracted the attention of many researchers because of their potential to reduce noise and emissions and in counteracting climate change
Summary
Boud Verbrugge 1,2, * , Mohammed Mahedi Hasan 1,2 , Haaris Rasool 1,2 , Thomas Geury 1,2 , Mohamed El Baghdadi 1,2 and Omar Hegazy 1,2.
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