Abstract
Over recent years, the long known class of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) have gained interest among the scientific community, especially in the clinical context. The main molecular role of this interesting family of non-coding RNAs is to serve as scaffolding RNAs to mediate site-specific RNA modification of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). With the development of new sequencing techniques and sophisticated analysis pipelines, new members of the snoRNA family were identified and global expression patterns in disease backgrounds could be determined. We will herein shed light on the current research progress in snoRNA biology and their clinical role by influencing disease outcome in hematological diseases. Astonishingly, in recent studies snoRNAs emerged as potent biomarkers in a variety of these clinical setups, which is also highlighted by the frequent deregulation of snoRNA levels in the hema-oncological context. However, research is only starting to reveal how snoRNAs might influence cellular functions and the connected disease hallmarks in hematological malignancies.
Highlights
Over recent years, the long known class of small nucleolar RNAs have gained interest among the scientific community, especially in the clinical context
SnoRNAs are essential, short (60–300 nucleotides) and non-polyadenylated ncRNAs that predominantly reside in the nucleolus of eukaryotic cells and their localization implies a direct connection to their canonical function: guidance of post-transcriptional modifications and subsequent maturation of ribosomal RNAs and small nuclear RNAs [6,7,8]
Expression patterns, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) were found to be deregulated in a variety of these clinical contexts
Summary
The majority of snoRNAs are divided into two major structural classes depending on the type of evolutionary conserved sequences defined as ‘boxes’: C/D box and H/ACA. 0 ends of the RNA molecule, respectively These snoRNAs form the snoRNP the 50 and located at3the. 5′ and 3′ ends of the RNA molecule, respectively This snoRNA class forms the snoRNP complex with GAR1, box ACA located at the motif) with the box ACA located at the 3′ end. NHP2, NOP10 dyskerin one endowed withlatter the catalytic activitywith to complex with and GAR1, NHP2,(DKC1), NOP10 the andlatter dyskerin (DKC1), the one endowed carry out pseudouridylation of small nuclear (snRNAs) and rRNAs [14,15] These the catalytic activity to carry out pseudouridylation of small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and pseudouridines (Ψ) have been found to greater rigidity to thegreater. U6atac [20,21]
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