Abstract
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSC) are present within the hypodermis and are also expected to play a pivotal role in wound healing, immunomodulation, and rejuvenation activities. They orchestrate, through their exosome, the mechanisms associated to cell differentiation, proliferation, and cell migration by upregulating genes implicated in different functions including skin barrier, immunomodulation, cell proliferation, and epidermal regeneration. ADSCs directly interact with their microenvironment and specifically the immune cells, including macrophages and T and B cells, resulting in differential inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms impacting, in return, ADSCs microenvironment and thus skin function. These useful features of ADSCs are involved in tissue repair, where the required cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory responses should occur rapidly in damaged sites. Different pathways involved have been reported such as Growth Differentiation Factor-11 (GDF11), Tumor Growth Factor (TGF)-β, Metalloproteinase (MMP), microRNA, and inflammatory cytokines that might serve as specific biomarkers of their immunomodulating capacity. In this review, we try to highlight ADSCs’ network and explore the potential indicators of their immunomodulatory effect in skin regeneration and aging. Assessment of these biomarkers might be useful and should be considered when designing new clinical therapies using ADSCs or their specific exosomes focusing on their immunomodulation activity.
Highlights
The skin acts as a protective barrier with its three layers epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, but its role in water retention, thermoregulation, and cell regeneration is critical
This review aims to highlight the relationships between Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSC) and their microenvironment through inducing specific biomolecules secretion within exosomes and involving different immune cell network by targeting specific molecular mechanisms and new targets for skin regeneration
By increasing collagenase Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 secretion, recombinant (r)Growth Differentiation Factor-11 (GDF11) may contribute to matrix remodeling by interacting MMP-9 with Tumor Growth Factor (TGF)-β1 relaying on skin wound closure [111,112]
Summary
The skin acts as a protective barrier with its three layers epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, but its role in water retention, thermoregulation, and cell regeneration is critical. According to the International Federation of Adipose Tissue and Therapeutics (IFATS) and the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT), ADSCs differentiate into osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic cell lineages and present the stromal associated markers CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, and CD106 [2,3,4]. These cells are highly proliferative, and their differentiation capacity was maintained with aging [5]. This review aims to highlight the relationships between ADSCs and their microenvironment through inducing specific biomolecules secretion within exosomes and involving different immune cell network by targeting specific molecular mechanisms and new targets for skin regeneration
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