Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have proven their efficiency in wound healing and skin regeneration in vitro and in vivo. They were reported to differentiate into skin cell types and migrate to wounded sites to restore cell deficiencies and functions. Secretome of ADSCs is involved in the migration and proliferation of dermal fibroblasts (DFs) and keratinocytes where growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are expected to play the principal role. Both factors are implicated in immune responses, skin cell differentiation, proliferation and pigmentation, migration and secretion of the extracellular matrix proteins. Increasing evidence has pointed the fact that ADSCs are expected to cross-react with GDF11 to ensure DF and keratinocytes proliferation to reverse the aging process. Moreover, these factors share similar intracellular mechanisms pathways that are SMAD-dependent, and target different cellular mechanisms related to regeneration or rejuvenation. This intriguing balance between GDF11-dependent aging and TGF-β-dependent regeneration still remains unclear and might be regulated in a spatio-temporal manner. Considering the clinical relevance of the mechanisms slowing or delaying the onset of age, we aimed to clarify the involvement of cell signaling pathways related to GDF11 and TGF-β in balancing cell rejuvenation and cell regeneration. Increasing the organ lifespan and functionality might be challenging issues.
Highlights
Skin covers the human body and acts as a protective barrier against external aggressions; it consists of three component layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) might behave differently according to the context of stimulation, but the mainly important factors that are relayed to cell proliferation, proinflammation, and angiogenesis altogether are involved in cell regeneration
ADSCs presented a great ability in migration and were recruited rapidly into wounded sites where the process of cell differentiation toward various skin cell components occurred
Summary
Skin covers the human body and acts as a protective barrier against external aggressions; it consists of three component layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. Several studies have shown the ability of ADSCs to act through cell-cell contact, but mostly by secreting a panel of cytokines and chemokines, being involved in different biological pathways including cell proliferation, differentiation, homing and migration, senescence, and apoptosis [7–11] These mechanisms are implicated in the whole process of skin regeneration during wound healing. ADSCs have helped in cicatrization and regulating inflammation and the phases of wound healing [6] These cells secrete growth factors in their extracellular vesicles [16–18] and produce different amounts of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, promoting and accelerating skin regeneration in 3D raft cultures from adult expanded human skin [19, 20]. These regulating aspects must draw more attention as an important potential target attaining antiaging processes during wound healing
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