Abstract
This study is the first to show that increased mitochondrial activities improved the antiaging effects of Aloe vera leaf skin fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum on UVb-irradiated skin fibroblasts. The fermented extract (AF) increased the activities of mitochondrial reductase and the complex II and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, even under UVb stress conditions, and also increased DPPH free radical scavenging activities compared with the hot water extract of outer layers of aloe leaf (AW) and quercetin itself. AF exerted a synergistic effect with quercetin and bioactive substances derived from the fermentation process. Moreover, mitochondrial activation of UVb-irradiated human skin fibroblasts by 0.3% (w/v) of the AF plays important roles in increasing collagen production up to 125 ± 5.45% and decreasing MMP-1 secretion down to 69.41 ± 2.63% of the control levels. The AF enhanced the upregulation of collagen gene expression, and this change was also greater than those induced by the AW and quercetin. Therefore, this study concludes that fermentation of the skin of aloe leaves increases the activation of mitochondria and inhibits the photo-aging of UVb-irradiated skin fibroblasts.
Highlights
Skin aging has been explained as intrinsic or extrinsic aging that is often induced by photo-aging
This study was the first to show that the skin antiaging effects of the Aloe vera leaf skin are significantly increased through the lactic acid bacterial fermentation process, and its increase is closely associated with the restoration of the mitochondrial functions of
An antioxidant flavonoid that exists in the outer layers of aloe leaf, was found to have a cytoprotective effect on mitochondrial pathways by inhibiting oxidative stress
Summary
Skin aging has been explained as intrinsic or extrinsic aging that is often induced by photo-aging. Compared to intrinsic aging due to the senescence of the human body, photo-aging is caused by chronic exposure to environmental factors, mainly ultraviolet (UV) radiation. It eventually results in skin fragility, wrinkling, roughness, dryness, and hyperpigmentation [1,2,3]. Skin aging is considered most closely related to photo-aging [2]. Oxidative stress due to exposure to UVb radiation substantially increases the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which generate oxidative photo-lesions in DNA, proteins, and lipids in the skin [4,7]. An increase in mitochondrial activities and a decrease in ROS levels would be a worthwhile approach that has never been used to prevent skin aging as an extensive review on the relationship between flavonoids and mitochondrial activation for cytoprotection [10]
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