Abstract
The stringent emission rules set by international maritime organisation and European Directives force ships and harbours to constrain their environmental pollution within certain targets and enable them to employ renewable energy sources. To this end, harbour grids are shifting towards renewable energy sources to cope with the growing demand for an onshore power supply and battery-charging stations for modern ships. However, it is necessary to accurately size and locate battery energy storage systems for any operational harbour grid to compensate the fluctuating power supply from renewable energy sources as well as meet the predicted maximum load demand without expanding the power capacities of transmission lines. In this paper, the equivalent circuit battery model of nickel–cobalt–manganese-oxide chemistry has been utilised for the sizing of a lithium-ion battery energy storage system, considering all the parameters affecting its performance. A battery cell model has been developed in the Matlab/Simulink platform, and subsequently an algorithm has been developed for the design of an appropriate size of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems. The developed algorithm has been applied by considering real data of a harbour grid in the Åland Islands, and the simulation results validate that the sizes and locations of battery energy storage systems are accurate enough for the harbour grid in the Åland Islands to meet the predicted maximum load demand of multiple new electric ferry charging stations for the years 2022 and 2030. Moreover, integrating battery energy storage systems with renewables helps to increase the reliability and defer capital cost investments of upgrading the ratings of transmission lines and other electrical equipment in the Åland Islands grid.
Highlights
Global trade proceeds to a large extent by the utilization of marine ships [1]
Radial and meshed network topologies have been considered, because the radial topology is the current operational scenario of the Åland Islands power system, and the meshed topology, when compared to the radial, has generally following advantages: (1). It is more resilient against faults
The base case is simulated to investigate the operation of the Åland Islands electricity network for future predicted marine load demands for onshore power supply and ferry charging stations for the years 2022 and 2030, but without integrating renewables and battery energy storage systems (BESSs)
Summary
Global trade proceeds to a large extent by the utilization of marine ships [1]. These marine ships can be considered as moving power plants, and their power capacity varies in the range of tens of megawatts [2]. At present, an onshore power supply/cold-ironing is a preferred solution for ships to shut down their diesel engines at harbours to fill the requirements of strict emission regulations and make ports free from greenhouse gases [5,6]. Due to environmental reasons and new emission regulations, the power systems of ships and harbours are shifting from non-renewable to renewable-based power generation This will lead to the increased installation of renewable energy sources (RESs) and battery energy storage systems (BESSs) at ships and harbours [7]. Wind and photovoltaic energy sources are gaining prominence, especially in harbour areas, to cope with the growing demand of modern hybrid and fully electric ships and ferries requiring an onshore power supply as well as charging stations. The integration of RESs into the harbour grid can be beneficial to avoid the expansion of the existing electrical network while supplying the additional power demand [2]
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