Abstract

Cephaleuros is often known as an algal pathogen with 19 taxonomically valid species, some of which are responsible for red rust and algal spot diseases in vascular plants. No chloroplast genomes have yet been reported in this genus, and the limited genetic information is an obstacle to understanding the evolution of this genus. In this study, we sequenced six new Trentepohliales chloroplast genomes, including four Cephaleuros and two Trentepohlia. The chloroplast genomes of Trentepohliales are large compared to most green algae, ranging from 216 to 408 kbp. They encode between 93 and 98 genes and have a GC content of 26–36%. All new chloroplast genomes were circular-mapping and lacked a quadripartite structure, in contrast to the previously sequenced Trentepohlia odorata, which does have an inverted repeat. The duplicated trnD-GTC, petD, and atpA genes in C. karstenii may be remnants of the IR region and shed light on its reduction. Chloroplast genes of Trentepohliales show elevated rates of evolution, strong rearrangement dynamics and several genes display an alternative genetic code with reassignment of the UGA/UAG codon presumably coding for arginine. Our results present the first whole chloroplast genome of the genus Cephaleuros and enrich the chloroplast genome resources of Trentepohliales.

Highlights

  • The order Trentepohliales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) consists of approximately 80 species of terrestrial green algae that are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions with humid climates (Thompson and Wujek, 1997; Suto and Ohtani, 2009; Zhu et al, 2017)

  • The goal of this study is to address this shortfall in chloroplast genome information in the Trentepohliales by sequencing and analyzing six chloroplast genomes including four in the genus Cephaleuros

  • An 18S rDNA analysis situated the sequenced strains in the broader Trentepohliales biodiversity, showing wellresolved positions for Cephaleuros tumidae-setae BN 17 and Cephaleuros karstenii GD1942

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Summary

Introduction

The order Trentepohliales (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) consists of approximately 80 species of terrestrial green algae that are widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions with humid climates (Thompson and Wujek, 1997; Suto and Ohtani, 2009; Zhu et al, 2017). The species are found on a large variety of subaerial substrates including rocks, tree bark, leaves, tree trunks, building walls, wood and metal (Zhu et al, 2019). New Chloroplast Genomes of Trentepohliales by uniseriate branched filaments, net-like chloroplasts without pyrenoids, zoosporangia supported by a special curved supporting cell, cell walls with plasmodesmata and cytokinesis by production of a phragmoplast similar to that of the vascular plants (Brooks et al, 2015). The treatments for algal spot disease has always been a headache for phytopathologists (Browne et al, 2019; Lee et al, 2020)

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