Abstract
Designing energy-efficient and secure cryptographic circuits in low-frequency medical devices are challenging due to low-energy requirements. Also, the conventional CMOS logic-based cryptographic circuits solutions in medical devices can be vulnerable to side-channel attacks (e.g. correlation power analysis (CPA)). In this article, we explored single-rail Clocked CMOS Adiabatic Logic (CCAL) to design an energy-efficient and secure cryptographic circuit for low-frequency medical devices. The performance of the CCAL logic-based circuits was checked with a power clock generator (2N2P-PCG) integrated into the design for the frequency range of 50 kHz to 250 kHz. The CCAL logic gates show an average of approximately 48% energy-saving and more than 95% improvement in security metrics performance compared to its CMOS logic gate counterparts. Further, the CCAL based circuits are also compared for energy-saving performance against dual-rail adiabatic logic, 2-EE-SPFAL, and 2-SPGAL. The adiabatic CCAL gates save on an average of 55% energy saving compared to 2-EE-SPFAL and 2-SPGAL over the frequency range of 50 kHz to 250 kHz. To check the efficacy of CCAL to design a larger cryptographic circuit, we implemented a case-study design of a Substitution-box (S-box) of popular lightweight PRESENT-80 encryption. The case-study implementation (2N2P-PCG integrated into the design) using CCAL shows more than 95% energy saving compared to CMOS for the frequency 50 kHz to 125 kHz and around 60% energy saving at frequency 250 kHz. At 250 kHz, compared to the dual-rail adiabatic designs of S-box based on 2-EE-SPFAL and 2-SPGAL, the CCAL based S-box shows 32.67% and 11.21% of energy savings, respectively. Additionally, the CCAL logic gate structure requires a lesser number of transistors compared to dual-rail adiabatic logic. The case-study implementation using CCAL saves 45.74% and 34.88% transistor counts compared to 2-EE-SPFAL and 2-SPGAL. The article also presents the effect of varying tank capacitance in 2N2P-PCG over energy efficiency and security performance. The CCAL based case-study was also subjected against CPA. The CCAL-based S-box case study successfully protects the revelation of the encryption key against the CPA attack, However, the key was revealed in CMOS-based case-study implementation.
Highlights
A CCORDING to the World Health Organization report, 1.9 billion adults were overweight, and out of which 35% were obese in 2017
The case-study implementation of PRESENT-80 S-Box circuitry saves more than 95% energy for frequency range 50 kHz to 125 kHz and approximately 60% more energy saving at 250 kHz compared to its CMOS counterpart
The cost and the reliability of the medical devices are the important factors to consider while selecting a technology with adiabatic logic
Summary
A CCORDING to the World Health Organization report, 1.9 billion adults were overweight, and out of which 35% were obese in 2017. Designing energy-efficient and secure cryptographic coprocessor circuits in medical devices is an interesting research direction. We evaluate the energy efficiency and security performance of the CCAL logic to design a secure cryptographic circuit with PCG integrated into the design. We evaluate the performance of the CCAL based cryptographic circuit for the frequency range of 50 kHz to 250 kHz. Currently, CMOS-based computing technology is reaching to its limit in energy efficiency with scaling down of the technology. We use adiabatic logic to design energy-efficient and secure lightweight cryptographic coprocessors in medical devices (Figure 1). The adiabatic logic circuits recover the energy stored inside the load capacitor (rather than dissipating as heat), results in significantly low-power consumption. The dual-rail adiabatic logic uses the two-transistor logic evaluation network to balance the
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