Abstract
A series of single-phase binary and ternary ruthenium and transition metal oxide nanoparticles supported on Vulcan ― Ru1−xMnxO2/C, Ru1−xCoxO2/C, Ru1−x−yMnxCoyO2/C, Ru1−xFexO2/C, Ru1−xNixO2/C and Ru1−xVxO2/C, as well as RuO2/C, MnO2/C, Co3O4/C and Mn3−xCoxO4/C ― were synthesized via a facile method and studied for their oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity in alkaline media. Single-phase Ru1−xMnxO2/C, Ru1−x−yMnxCoyO2/C and Ru1−xCoxO2/C catalysts significantly boosted ORR kinetics in alkaline media. Moreover, they were H2 and methanol tolerant, and exhibited long term stability due to their single-phase structure. Ru0.85Mn0.15O2/C stood out as the most active catalyst among them. A volcano relationship of the ORR activity of these binary and ternary metal oxide catalysts vs. the O adsorption energy was found, with the maximum activity observed for the Ru1−xMnxO2/C, Ru1−x−yMnxCoyO2/C and Ru1−xCoxO2/C catalysts due to their optimal O binding energy. These materials have potential applications as highly active ORR catalysts in alkaline fuel cells and metal-air batteries.
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