Abstract
V(1)-ATPase, the hydrophilic V-ATPase domain, is a rotary motor fueled by ATP hydrolysis. Here, we found that Thermus thermophilus V(1)-ATPase shows two types of inhibitory pauses interrupting continuous rotation: a short pause (SP, 4.2 s) that occurred frequently during rotation, and a long inhibitory pause (LP, >30 min) that terminated all active rotations. Both pauses occurred at the same angle for ATP binding and hydrolysis. Kinetic analysis revealed that the time constants of inactivation into and activation from the SP were too short to represent biochemically predicted ADP inhibition, suggesting that SP is a newly identified inhibitory state of V(1)-ATPase. The time constant of inactivation into LP was 17 min, consistent with one of the two time constants governing the inactivation process observed in bulk ATPase assay. When forcibly rotated in the forward direction, V(1) in LP resumed active rotation. Solution ADP suppressed the probability of mechanical activation, suggesting that mechanical rotation enhanced inhibitory ADP release. These features were highly consistent with mechanical activation of ADP-inhibited F(1), suggesting that LP represents the ADP-inhibited state of V(1)-ATPase. Mechanical activation largely depended on the direction and angular displacement of forced rotation, implying that V(1)-ATPase rotation modulates the off rate of ADP.
Highlights
Biochemical studies indicate the presence of an ADP-inhibited state in V1-ATPase
Two Types of Inhibitory Pauses, Short Pause (SP)2 and Long Pause (LP)—Rotation of V1 molecules was observed at the single-molecule level by attaching a magnetic bead of 200 –500 nm in diameter as a rotation marker to the D subunit constituting the rotary shaft with the F subunit (Fig. 1A)
The Vmax and Km values were determined to be 3.8 rev/s and 8.1 M, giving the apparent rate constant of ATP binding as 1.39 ϫ 106 sϪ1 MϪ1, which was consistent with the koAnTP values determined with a 40-nm gold colloid in our previous study [9] and ATP hydrolysis activity [8]
Summary
Biochemical studies indicate the presence of an ADP-inhibited state in V1-ATPase. Results: Single-molecule analysis showed two types of pauses during rotation, a second-scale pause and the other an irreversible long pause. We found that Thermus thermophilus V1-ATPase shows two types of inhibitory pauses interrupting continuous rotation: a short pause (SP, 4.2 s) that occurred frequently during rotation, and a long inhibitory pause (LP, >30 min) that terminated all active rotations. Both pauses occurred at the same angle for ATP binding and hydrolysis. Kinetic analysis revealed that the time constants of inactivation into and activation from the SP were too short to represent biochemically predicted ADP inhibition, suggesting that SP is a newly identified inhibitory state of V1-ATPase. Mechanical activation largely depended on the direction and angular displacement of forced rotation, implying that V1-ATPase rotation modulates the off rate of ADP
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