Abstract
Theaflavin-3,3′-digallate (TF3) is the most important theaflavin monomer in black tea. TF3 was proved to reduce blood glucose level in mice and rats. However, the elaborate anti-diabetic mechanism was not well elucidated. In this work, human hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells and zebrafish (Danio rerio) were used simultaneously to reveal anti-diabetic effect of TF3. The results showed that TF3 could effectively rise glucose absorption capacity in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells and regulate glucose level in diabetic zebrafish. The hypoglycemic effect was mediated through down-regulating phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and up-regulating glucokinase. More importantly, TF3 could significantly improve β cells regeneration in diabetic zebrafish at low concentrations (5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL), which meant TF3 had a strong anti-diabetic effect. Obviously, this work provided the potential benefit of TF3 on hypoglycemic effect, regulating glucose metabolism enzymes, and protecting β cells. TF3 might be a promising agent for combating diabetes.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is a worldwide metabolic disease induced by insufficient insulin secretion or insulin resistance and featured by hyperglycemia and metabolism disorder.Chronic hyperglycemia condition causes multiple organ damage and dysfunction which results in high morbidity and mortality of diabetes [1]
To measure the toxicity of TF3 on hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells, the viability and morphology of cells treated with TF3 (1–100 μM) for 24 h were investigated
Ever, when TF3 concentration increased to 100 μM, the viability was decreased to 90%, when TF3 concentration increased to 100 μM, the viability was decreased to 90%, which which suggested that high concentration TF3 might have toxicity on HepG2 cells
Summary
Chronic hyperglycemia condition causes multiple organ damage and dysfunction which results in high morbidity and mortality of diabetes [1]. This leading killer for human health has become one of the costliest and the most burdensome diseases. Some drugs such as sulfonylureas, metformin, and acarbose are widely used in clinical treatment of diabetes, the adverse effects such as hypoglycemia, allergic reaction and stomach upsets were reported [2,3]. Lots of dietary flavonoids have been proved to possess anti-diabetic activity due to apparent effectiveness. A double-blinded, randomized and placebo-controlled clinical study showed that dietary supplementation with blueberry bioactive substances could lower fasting plasma glucose and improve insulin sensitivity in diabetic participants [4]
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