Abstract
BackgroundEcological models of physical activity posit that social and physical environmental features exert independent and interactive influences on physical activity, but previous research has focussed on independent influences. This systematic review aimed to synthesise the literature investigating how features of neighbourhood physical and social environments are associated with physical activity when both levels of influence are simultaneously considered, and to assess progress in the exploration of interactive effects of social and physical environmental correlates on physical activity. MethodsA systematic literature search was conducted in February 2016. Articles were included if they used an adult (≥15 years) sample, simultaneously considered at least one physical and one social environmental characteristic in a single statistical model, used self-reported or objectively-measured physical activity as a primary outcome, reported findings from quantitative, observational analyses and were published in a peer-reviewed journal. Combined measures including social and physical environment items were excluded as they didn’t permit investigation of independent and interactive social and physical effects. Forty-six studies were identified. ResultsAn inconsistent evidence base for independent environmental correlates of physical activity was revealed, with some support for specific physical and social environment correlates. Most studies found significant associations between physical activity and both physical and social environmental variables. There was preliminary evidence that physical and social environmental variables had interactive effects on activity, although only 4 studies examined interactive effects. ConclusionsInconsistent evidence of independent associations between environmental variables and physical activity could be partly due to unmeasured effect modification (e.g. interactive effects) creating unaccounted variance in relationships between the environment and activity. Results supported multiple levels of environmental influence on physical activity. It is recommended that further research uses simultaneous or interaction analyses to gain insight into complex relationships between neighbourhood social and physical environments and physical activity, as there is currently limited research in this area.
Highlights
Despite several health benefits of regular participation in physical activity (Ekelund et al, 2015; Reiner, Niermann, Jekauc, & Woll, 2013), most individuals living in industrialised nations lead insufficiently active lifestyles (Hallal et al, 2012)
In a recent systematic review of 38 studies, Samuel, Commodore-Mensah, & Himmelfarb (2014) identified several characteristics of the social environment associated with overall physical activity, walking and sports participation, with higher quality social environments indicating higher levels of activity
From the 46 studies identified that simultaneously examined neighbourhood physical and social environment correlates of physical activity, there was limited evidence for consistent, independent physical and social correlates in terms of specific variables
Summary
Despite several health benefits of regular participation in physical activity (Ekelund et al, 2015; Reiner, Niermann, Jekauc, & Woll, 2013), most individuals living in industrialised nations lead insufficiently active lifestyles (Hallal et al, 2012). Systematic reviews of the literature have identified some consistent physical environment correlates of physical activity, including land use mix, connectivity and residential density which all have positive associations with activity (McCormack & Shiell, 2011; Saelens & Handy, 2008). This systematic review aimed to synthesise the literature investigating how features of neighbourhood physical and social environments are associated with physical activity when both levels of influence are simultaneously considered, and to assess progress in the exploration of interactive effects of social and physical environmental correlates on physical activity. Conclusions: Inconsistent evidence of independent associations between environmental variables and physical activity could be partly due to unmeasured effect modification (e.g. interactive effects) creating unaccounted variance in relationships between the environment and activity. It is recommended that further research uses simultaneous or interaction analyses to gain insight into complex relationships between neighbourhood social and physical environments and physical activity, as there is currently limited research in this area
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