Abstract
ABSTRACTA simple and rapid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique coupled with gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was developed for the extraction and analysis of methamphetamine (MA), pethidine (PD), ketamine (KT) and tramadol (TD) from human urine. In this study, different parameters affecting the extraction process such as the type and volume of extraction solvent, type and volume of disperser solvent, extraction time and pH value and salt effect were studied and optimized. Under optimized conditions, the enrichment factor ranged from 185 to 226 and the average recovery ranged from 80.45% to 95.55%. The linear range was 10.0–1000.0 µg/L, the limit of detection and quantitation were in the range 0.43–1.96 µg/L and 1.44–6.53 µg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations were in the range 1.98%–3.90% (n = 7). The obtained results show that DLLME combined with GC–MS is a fast and simple method for the determination of MA, PD, KT and TD in human urine.
Highlights
Around the world, drug abuse is increasing rapidly, especially among young people
We report a simple and rapid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) method coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for the analysis of MA, KT, PD and TD in human urine
A simple, rapid and inexpensive microextraction technique has been coupled to a gas chromatography–ion trap mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for the determination of MA, PD, KT and TD in human urine
Summary
Drug abuse is increasing rapidly, especially among young people. Drug abuse harms them psychologically and physically, and causes serious social problems. It is important to establish a simple, direct and sensitive preconcentration method for the determination of the four drugs [3,4] Conventional extraction methods such as liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) [5,6] and solidphase extraction (SPE) [7] require large volumes of organic solvents and are time-consuming. A few new preconcentration technologies have been introduced, such as hollow-fibre-protected liquid-phase microextraction [9], liquid membrane extraction (LME) [10], molecularly imprinted polymer solid-phase microextraction [11,12] All of these techniques have their own advantages; they can be relatively expensive and require long extraction times. This is due to the large contact surface area of the extraction solvent [14], which has many advantages including simplicity of operation, rapidity, low cost, high recovery and enrichment factors, and they have been widely used in analytical chemistry [15,16,17]
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