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Abstract
With population growth and resource depletion, maximizing the efficiency of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping systems is urgently needed. The goal of this study was to shed light on precise irrigation amounts and optimal agronomic practices via simulating rice–rice and soybean–rice crop rotations in the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model. The APEX model was calibrated using observations from five fields under soybean–rice rotation in Arkansas from 2017 to 2019 and remote sensing leaf area index (LAI) values to assess modeled vegetation growth. Different irrigation practices were assessed, including conventional flooding (CVF), known as cascade, multiple inlet rice irrigation with polypipe (MIRI), and furrow irrigation (FIR). The amount of water used differed between fields, following each field’s measured or estimated input. Moreover, fields were managed with either continuous flooding (CF) or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation. Two 20-year scenarios were simulated to test yield changes: (1) between rice–rice and soybean–rice rotation and (2) under reduced irrigation amounts. After calibration with crop yield and LAI, the modeled LAI correlated to the observations with R2 values greater than 0.66, and the percent bias (PBIAS) values were within 32%. The PBIAS and percent difference for modeled versus observed yield were within 2.5% for rice and 15% for soybean. Contrary to expectation, the rice–rice and soybean–rice rotation yields were not statistically significant. The results of the reduced irrigation scenario differed by field, but reducing irrigation beyond 20% from the original amount input by the farmers significantly reduced yields in all fields, except for one field that was over-irrigated.
Highlights
Arkansas accounts for 47.9% of the rice grain output and 49% of the rice production area in the United States, making it the largest rice producer in the country [1]
Of its total rice area, 68.5% is planted in rotation with soybean as of 2018 [1]
A two-year soybean–rice rotation is a typical rotation used in Arkansas [4]
Summary
Arkansas accounts for 47.9% of the rice grain output and 49% of the rice production area in the United States, making it the largest rice producer in the country [1]. Of its total rice area, 68.5% is planted in rotation with soybean as of 2018 [1]. Arkansas is the tenth largest producer of soybean in the country, with an estimated planted area of 1,214,057 hectares [2,3]. Soybean is known to increase available nitrogen in the soil through nitrogen fixation [5]. Crops in rotation with soybean are still shown to increase yield, perhaps for a variety of reasons not necessarily related to nitrogen [6], such as weed and pest management [5,7]. Studies focusing on comparing the long-term yields in soybean–rice compared to rice–rice rotations are needed
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