Simulating a stone roof for the Maltese Neolithic temples: Analysing stress to understand specialisation

Abstract

The Neolithic temples of Malta are large megalithic structures built between 3700 BC and 2400 BC. Around 30 temples have survived to present day, providing extensive evidence of Neolithic culture in the Maltese islands. However, while the temple walls are generally well preserved, there is a longstanding debate regarding the nature of the temples’ roofing, of which scarce indication remains. With material evidence existing both for wooden and stone roofs, new techniques are necessary to determine the overall plausibility of different roofing options. In this paper the possibility of a stone roof is tested using 3D simulation of stress within a temple model. By measuring the forces in play within the temple structure, and observing interesting architectural features in situ, the suggestion of a stone roof is reinforced. Temple walls appear to have been constructed with the direct aim of dispersing excessive weight, showing a complex understanding of architectural principles. Observations made by the study also have wider implications for the Maltese Neolithic, especially with regards to cultural transmission throughout the island and different generations.