Abstract
This study compared the effects of low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement and tonic force generation (ST-LRE) and high-intensity resistance exercise (HRE) on post-exercise improvements in cognitive inhibitory control (IC). Sixteen young males completed ST-LRE and HRE sessions in a crossover design. Bilateral knee extensor ST-LRE and HRE (8 repetitions/set, 6 sets) were performed with 50% of one-repetition maximum with slow contractile speed and 80% of one-repetition maximum with normal contractile speed, respectively. The IC was assessed using the color–word Stroop task at six time points: baseline, pre-exercise, immediate post-exercise, and every 10 min during the 30-min post-exercise recovery period. The blood lactate response throughout the experimental session did not differ between ST-LRE and HRE (condition × time interaction P = 0.396: e.g., mean ± standard error of the mean; 8.1 ± 0.5 vs. 8.1 ± 0.5 mM, respectively, immediately after exercise, P = 0.983, d = 0.00). Large-sized decreases in the reverse-Stroop interference scores, which represent improved IC, compared to those before exercise (i.e., baseline and pre-exercise) were observed throughout the 30 min post-exercise recovery period for both ST-LRE and HRE (decreasing rate ≥ 38.8 and 41.4%, respectively, all ds ≥ 0.95). The degree of post-exercise IC improvements was similar between the two protocols (condition × time interaction P = 0.998). These findings suggest that despite the application of a lower exercise load, ST-LRE improves post-exercise IC similarly to HRE, which may be due to the equivalent blood lactate response between the two protocols, in healthy young adults.
Highlights
Skeletal muscle weakness, as seen in decreased muscle mass and strength, is a prominent factor that indicates poor prognosis in older individuals and patients with chronic diseases [1]
There was no significant difference for mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP) during exercise between the two protocols, mean Systolic blood pressure (SBP) during exercise was significantly lower for Slow movement and tonic force generation (ST)-low-intensity resistance exercise (LRE) than for high-intensity resistance exercise (HRE) (P < 0.001, d = 0.69)
These findings suggest that ST-LRE improves post-exercise inhibitory control (IC) in a manner similar to that by HRE
Summary
As seen in decreased muscle mass and strength, is a prominent factor that indicates poor prognosis in older individuals and patients with chronic diseases [1]. Many people with skeletal muscle weakness present decreased cognitive function [2], which is a poor prognostic factor [3]. Long-term intervention of resistance exercise improves cognitive function in healthy young and older individuals [7, 8]. Long-term resistance exercise is effective in improving cognitive function in patients with chronic diseases, including cognitive impairment (e.g., mild cognitive impairment) [8]. Resistance exercise has recently been recognized as an effective strategy for enhancing skeletal muscle and cognitive health in various populations
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