Abstract
Transportation network models within the framework of operations research have been established as one of the emerging field of research frontiers in today's very disastrous life and dense traffic system. The discrete as well as continuous flow over time models have been widely considered by social, engineering and applied scientists with wide varieties of real-life problems, like rush hour traffic and traffic management at the time of any disaster. Among the PPRR classification issues, the concentration will be given within the planning approach with transportation networks for urban cities. We present the models and solution strategies of the transportation networks that are dynamic in nature and directly apply in rush hour traffic or human-made or natural disasters in the urban cities. The difficulty levels of the varieties of algorithms, efficiencies of their solution software and the significance of the obtained solutions for the betterment of modern city plan are discussed with wide spectrum of model diversity. Among many others, we illustrate, also supporting with a case study, the impact of recent Nepal Earthquake 2015 and the meaningfulness of effective evacuation planning for saving the property and people in urban city like, Kathmandu, valley. The high performance of the technique of lane reversals in transportation or evacuation networks which has already been adopted a lot in practice, but has been analytically studied only recently are focused in this paper. Adopted this dynamic transportation strategy, the flow in the transportation can be doubled, the time can be saved significantly and many transportation arcs can be utilized for logistic supports or for emergency vehicles whenever necessary. Improved results are presented and the importance of integrated models dependent on time and vehicles is explored. The optimal solution thus obtained with contraflow, logistic supports and facility location at appropriate positions of transportation network proves the significance of these models in emergency planning.
Highlights
The most horrible disasters have been motivating research in emergency evacuation, for example, see the reviews (Hamacher and Tjandra, 2002; Pardalos and Arulselvan, 2009; Pel et al 2012; Yusoff et al 2008; Dhamala, 2015)
The minimum cost evacuation problem (MCEP) with arc costs relates to the minimum cost flow problem sending a fixed amount of flow in a given time with minimum total cost
Fleischer and Skutella, (2003) consider the problem of minimizing the cost over time without intermediate storage in time-expanded networks. They prove that finding a minimum cost flow does not require intermediate storage, provide an approximation scheme, and a capacity scaling FPTAS when the costs are proportional to the transit times
Summary
The most horrible disasters have been motivating research in emergency evacuation, for example, see the reviews (Hamacher and Tjandra, 2002; Pardalos and Arulselvan, 2009; Pel et al 2012; Yusoff et al 2008; Dhamala, 2015). The models and solution methods depend on factors like problem size, behavioural and organizational situations, transportation modes, traffic capacity, time dependency and evacuation objectives, (Hamacher and Tjandra, 2002). Yusoff et al (2008) give a survey on the macroscopic models considering the number of evacuees and the evacuation time as most important objectives for the application to real-world evacuation. The paper concludes with a list of findings and the scope of further research exposures
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