Abstract
It is well known that glutamate (Glu), a neurotransmitter in human body, is a protein amino acid. It plays a very important role in plant growth and development. Nowadays, Glu has been found to emerge as signaling role. Under normal conditions, Glu takes part in seed germination, root architecture, pollen germination, and pollen tube growth. Under stress conditions, Glu participates in wound response, pathogen resistance, response and adaptation to abiotic stress (such as salt, cold, heat, and drought), and local stimulation (abiotic or biotic stress)-triggered long distance signaling transduction. In this review, in the light of the current opinion on Glu signaling in plants, the following knowledge was updated and discussed. 1) Glu metabolism; 2) signaling role of Glu in plant growth, development, and response and adaptation to environmental stress; as well as 3) the underlying research directions in the future. The purpose of this review was to look forward to inspiring the rapid development of Glu signaling research in plant biology, particularly in the field of stress biology of plants.
Highlights
In animal system including human body, glutamate (Glu), known as a-aminoglutaric acid, is a key excitatory neurotransmitter
In transgenic plants expressing the Ca2+-reporter aequorin, Glu, and cold could trigger an increase in [Ca2+]cyt, and this increase was blocked by glutamate receptors (GLRs) antagonists DNQX and CNQX (Meyerhoff et al, 2005). These results show that AtGLR3.4 plays a very important role in the Ca2+-based, fast signaling transmission of environmental stress, further supporting the fact that GLRs regulate the cold tolerance of plants
Mounting evidences have found that Glu is a novel signaling molecule, which is involved in many physiological processes
Summary
In animal system including human body, glutamate (Glu), known as a-aminoglutaric acid, is a key excitatory neurotransmitter. 1) Ion channels can be directly activated by g, b subunits of the G-protein; or 2) indirectly activated through triggering second messengers (such as inositol triphosphate: IP3; reactive oxygen species: ROS; nitric oxide: NO) (Brosnan and Brosnan, 2013; Reiner and Levitz, 2018). These indicate the signaling crosstalk between Glu and other signaling molecules in signaling transduction in plants
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