Abstract
As sessile organisms, the growth and productivity of land plants are continuously confronted with a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. As a consequence, land plants have evolved a set of perception and signaling mechanisms to respond or adapt to adverse environmental conditions via regulation of transcription and gene expression, fine-tuning protein translation, modification and degradation, and metabolic reprogramming. Understanding the stress signaling pathways as well as the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying stress tolerance in plants is not only fundamental for plant biology research, but also pivotal for practical applications such as genetic improvement of crops.
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