Shortest $$(A+B)$$-Path Packing Via Hafnian

Abstract

Bjorklund and Husfeldt developed a randomized polynomial time algorithm to solve the shortest two disjoint paths problem. Their algorithm is based on computation of permanents modulo 4 and the isolation lemma. In this paper, we consider the following generalization of the shortest two disjoint paths problem, and develop a similar algebraic algorithm. The shortest perfect $$(A+B)$$ -path packing problem is: given an undirected graph G and two disjoint node subsets A, B with even cardinalities, find shortest $$|A|/2+|B|/2$$ disjoint paths whose ends are both in A or both in B. Besides its NP-hardness, we prove that this problem can be solved in randomized polynomial time if $$|A|+|B|$$ is fixed. Our algorithm basically follows the framework of Bjorklund and Husfeldt but uses a new technique: computation of hafnian modulo $$2^k$$ combined with Gallai’s reduction from T-paths to matchings. We also generalize our technique for solving other path packing problems, and discuss its limitation.