Short-term impacts of soil nutrient management on maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and weed dynamics along a toposequence in Eastern Zimbabwe

Abstract

Poor soil fertility and weed infestation are among major constraints to maize production in southern Africa. Nutrient and weed management strategies that are products of empirical research, are needed to improve efficiencies on farms. A field experiment was carried out in Eastern Zimbabwe on three smallholder farms positioned on upper, middle and lower catena. The farms differed in soil organic carbon (SOC) content, 3.9, 6.4 and 8.9 g kg−1 (hereafter referred to as low, medium and high), respectively, and are located within one km distance. The objective of the study was to investigate short-term (6 years) repeated application of soil nutrient amendments on maize productivity and weed dynamics across a soil fertility gradient. Treatments included strategic combinations of NPK fertiliser, cattle manure, and lime. On each farm, a randomised complete block design with three replicates was used. Multivariate, Principal Component Analysis, was used to establish the relationship between season, SOC content, nutrient management, and weed density. Maize yield was strongly linked to SOC content, with six-year mean maize grain yields of 1.31, 2.47, and 2.75 Mg ha−1 for low, medium, and high SOC content, respectively. Maize grain yields with cattle manure (CM) or NPK application were only 0.25 and 0.60 Mg ha−1, respectively for the poorest SOC content field. However, when manure was combined with NPK fertiliser, yields at the site substantially increased to 1.5 Mg ha−1 while in medium and high SOC recorded 2.47 and 2.75 Mg ha−1 respectively. Weed density, and biomass were larger in the medium, and high SOC content. Richardia scabra, Melinis repens, and Cyperus sp. were associated with low SOC. Luecus martinicensis, Bidens pilosa, and Galinsoga parviflora were linked to medium and high SOC content. Results from this study suggest site-specific weed management approach. On soils critically poor in SOC content, maize yield gains are only achieved when organic and mineral fertilisers are combined. Our results also suggest that farmers must increase vigilance and intensity of weed management in soils with medium and high SOC content, particularly after application of CM.