Short latency somatosensory and spinal evoked potentials: Power spectra and comparison between high pass analog and digital filter

Abstract

Medium nerve somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and intraoperative spinal evoked potentials were analyzed using different analog and zero phase shift digital high pass filter and by power spectrum. Additionally, high pass analog and digital filtering was performed on various sine, triangular and rectangular waves manufactured by a wave form generator. Recordings were also transformed to the 1st and 2nd time derivatives. The great abundance of spectral energy for scalp recorded median nerve SSEPs was below 125 c/sec but lower energy fast frequency components consistently extended to 500 c/sec. Power spectrum of the Erb's point compound nerve action potential revealed a wide band of spectral energy commencing at about 50–100 c/sec, peaking at about 250–270 c/sec and extending to nearly 1000 c/sec. This suggests that synchronous axonal activity generates predominantly faster frequencies above 100 c/sec. High pass analog filter confers phase non-linearity which results in various distortions including latency shift and a morphological change which may be visually similar to the 1st or 2nd time derivatives. High pass zero phase shift digital filter removes selected low frequencies without accompanying phase distortion. This accentuates fast peaks seen at open bandpass as well as transition points between baseline and component ascent or descent. Zero phase shift digital filter may also generate peaks that are not visualized at open pass but which reflect the sum of frequencies which were not removed by filtering. These peaks do not necessarily correspond to discrete singular neuroanatomical structures. Although peaks observed in high pass analog and digital filter appear similar and comparable, their underlying activity may be of different origin. This is because high pass analog filter projects a considerable amount of overlap from earlier onto later waves. For clinical correlation it is important that restricted bandpass analog or digitally filtered recordings be compared with open pass data. Only those peaks visualized in both open and restricted bandpass can be considered authentic. Examples of spinal and scalp SSEPs indicate that selective filtering may, under certain circumstances, distinguish axonal or lemniscal from synaptic generators.