Shining a spotlight on intact proteins

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Cells react to cues from their environment using various mechanisms that include changes in metabolites, gene expression, protein binding partners, protein localization, and protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs), all of which contribute to altered cellular signatures that enable appropriate cellular responses. Given the seemingly infinite number of mechanisms available to affect protein function and modulate biological processes, the question arises as to how cells manage to interpret protein readouts to accomplish the appropriate cell-type specific response to a particular stimulus.