Shifting of Agriculture to Horticulture in Anantnag District: A Geographical Analysis

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to understand the status of a class of non‐permanent labour in the globalised era in India.Design/methodology/approachTo understand this the paper uses both secondary level information and primary data collected through a survey. Secondary level data are analysed using a panel data model. Here, the hypothesis is: contribution of contract labour to production is greater than that of the regular employees. The primary level survey is conducted to know whether they are exploited due to their non‐permanent stature.FindingsIt is observed from secondary data analysis that the hypothesis is not rejected. Contract labour makes a significant contribution to production, while the regular employees do not. Primary survey also shows that they are exploited in many ways including through non‐payment of minimum wages.Practical implicationsThe paper indicates that, while regulations are in place, they are abused and hence it is the implementation part on which government needs to focus.Originality/valueAnalysis shows how rationalization of employment does not take place due to labour regulations for the regular employees. It also brings to light through primary survey various lacunae in the implementation of the Contract Labour Act. Since survey of such labour class is difficult there are limited studies in this field.

Anuradhapura District in Sri Lanka heavily relies on paddy cultivation and plays a significant role in the country's paddy production. Given the grave threat posed by climate change to paddy cultivation in this region, it is crucial to assess its vulnerability. This study aims to fill the gap in sub-national vulnerability assessments by determining the degree of vulnerability and mapping it in the district. A combination of secondary and primary data was employed in this study. Secondary data encompassed the analysis of average annual and monthly rainfall and temperature variations in Anuradhapura District from 2010 to 2020, as well as the occurrence of droughts and floods in the same period. Additionally, the study examined the variations in average annual paddy yield in Anuradhapura District from 2010 to 2020. For primary data collection, Climate Change Vulnerability Indices (CCVI) were employed, which included indicators, exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Under the exposure indicator, climate exposure, biophysical exposure, and biological exposure were considered. Sensitivity was assessed through social, financial, and farm sensitivity sub-indicators, while adaptive capacity was evaluated using socio-economic, agricultural, and institutional capacity sub-indicators. The field sampling focused on divisions with significant paddy lands that depend on minor irrigation and rainfed cultivation, such as Thirappane and Kahatagasdigiliya. Nuwaragam Palatha Central which had fewer paddy lands and a population engaged in non-paddy-related activities, was used as a control. Two Grama Niladhari (GN) divisions from each selected Divisional Secretariat (DS) division were randomly chosen for detailed sampling. In each GN division, 50 families were randomly selected to participate in semi- structured questionnaire surveys supplemented with focus group discussions and key informant surveys. The collected data were used to create a vulnerability map for Anuradhapura District through GIS analysis. The study results revealed that the annual rainfall showed a decrease from 2010 to 2020. Other parameters did not show significant variation. In terms of vulnerability, Kahatagasdigiliya DSD exhibited the highest vulnerability followed by Thirappane DSD. The lowest vulnerability was observed in Nuwara Gampalatha Centre DSD.
 
 Keywords: Climate change, Paddy cultivation, Adaptation measures, Vulnerability assessment, Anuradhapura

The present study is an attempt to evaluate the cost benefit analyses of two main crops cultivated in district Anantnag of Kashmir valley. In order to satisfy the objectives of the present study a primary survey was conducted in which information were collected about the production cost, market price, perception of farmers about the cultivation, and other necessary aspects of the rice and mustard crops. The study has revealed that cultivation of rice is comparatively more profitable than the cultivation of mustard. It also shows that the production cost of rice is comparatively higher than that of mustard. The study also indorses that more number of hired labours are required for the cultivation of rice than the mustard on land area of same size. The low supply of this hired labour in other districts is considered an important factor of conversion of land from cultivation of rice in to apple fields. The low supply of the rural labour has occurred due to the structural changes in our economic system as a large group of the rural labour force has adopted non –farm activities to earn their lively hood. The result of Chi-square also shows that there is significant difference between the profitability of Rice and Mustard production.

Poultry farming from last decade earn a good name in terms of income and employment generation in Kashmir valley. Taking this point as our concern we go through the cost benefit of poultry farming in Kashmir valley. As our study area is district Anantnag and we take one medium size poultry farm as our sample. The study shows that the income from poultry farming is so reasonable and normal profits are earned with less effort. So government should have to think about this industry and support them financially and give them new information’s and training regarding poultry farming through which the production and productivity increase. .

Kashmir, popularly known as paradise on earth is gifted with numerous water bodies comprising of rivers, lakes, streams and springs. We discuss in this paper various water bodies of district Anantnag of Kashmir valley, their present status and role. Data was collected from published resources, internet and field surveys for this study. It was found that once clean water bodies of district Anantnag like Tulian lake, Sheshnag Lake, Marsar Lake, Harbagwan Lake, Jhelum etc are at present facing significant challenges related to pollution and degradation. . The district is also home to several rivers like the Brengi, Sandran and the Lidder, which originates from Sheshnag Lake. Additionally, Verinag, a spring of historical and scenic importance, is located in Anantnag district, have fallen victim to extensive encroachment, garbage dumping, climate change, over-extraction of ground water, and the release of untreated sewage. Water bodies play a vital role in the region's ecosystem, human settlements, support local ecosystems, agriculture sector, fisheries, and tourism which play a significant role in Jammu and Kashmir’s economy. Field survey revealed that several water bodies, river banks of district Anantnag due to lack of awareness about waste management, have become dumping sites for garbage, resulting in environmental degradation as well as health hazards. Water Pollution, Siltation and Deforestation, Climate Change are the main challenges water bodies are facing in district Anantnag. In major religions of the world water is considered sacred. In Islam water occupies a pivotal role, mentioned 63 times in Quran and is recognized as a blessing that gives and sustains life, and purifies humankind and the earth. The principle of water conservation in Islam is beautifully illustrated by the rule which says that while making ablutions (wudu) we should be abstemious in the use of water even if we have a river at our disposal. In conclusion, it is the responsibility of all stake holders to protect water bodies used as drinking water sources, an important component of our lives.

Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation plays major role in Sri Lanka. Mainly Organic and Non-organic paddy farming methods are conducted. Organic paddy farming method only used organic fertilizers and non-organic paddy farming method used chemical fertilizers which are Urea, Triple Super Phosphates. Therefore, farming practices can be affected to the surface water quality creating various health hazards. The study was conducted from November 2021 to February 2022 (Maha season) to assess the impact of organic and non-organic paddy farming practices on surface water quality in Wallewala, Homagama, and Kottawa paddy agricultural lands by analyzing pH, EC, TDS, DO, BOD, COD, total hardness, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulfate, chloride, potassium, zinc, and chromium. Wallewala is newly created environment sensitive agricultural land in less human influence. Both organic and non-organic paddy lands are in that area. Kottawa paddy lands are cultivated only chemical fertilizers and the Homagama paddy lands are cultivated by organic fertilizers. Randomly, six and nine surface water samples were collected from paddy irrigated systems in Wallewala area represent to organic and non-organic paddy lands respectively. Randomly, five and six surface water samples were collected from paddy irrigated systems in Homagama Organic, and Kottawa non-organic paddy lands respectively. The water from both paddy systems, min pH (5.25±0.04), max EC (315±1.00 μScm-1 ), min DO (6.13±0.06 mgL-1), max BOD5 (2.82±0.06 mgL-1), max sulfate (205.76 ppm), max chloride (45.91 ppm), max K (5.63 ppm), and max Zn (0.12 ppm) were found, while the study revealed that all the water quality parameters were not exceeded the reported ambient water quality standards for inland waters in Sri Lanka for irrigation purposes. Further EC, TDS, COD, total hardness, sulfates, chloride, potassium, and zinc were greater in non-organic paddy lands in both Wallewala and Kottawa areas. According to the obtained data, there was no water pollution from the paddy cultivation in respective areas. But these results indicate that water quality parameters vary with the utilized fertilizers. 
 Keywords: Paddy cultivation, Water quality, Organic paddy farming, Non-organic

The lotus is one of the aquatic plants that grow in the Lebak area and is widely used as food and medicine by the local community. The lotus growing environment determines its growth. The distribution of lotus plants has not been well identified. This study aims to determine the distribution of lotus mapping for environmental evaluation of lotus growing in Teluk Sinar Village, Sungai Pandan District, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency, South Kalimantan Province. The study used data collection methods with primary and secondary data survey techniques. Primary survey through delineation of lotus plant boundaries in the field. Field measurements were also carried out to identify the environmental variables of lotus growing. In addition, the interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery and low-resolution satellite imagery for spectral analysis. The environmental variables for growing lotus include water depth, light penetration depth, water pH, and sediment pH. The results of the study revealed a map of the distribution of lotus and the growing environment of the lotus. The lotus distribution map was obtained from the results of overlaying several thematic maps, image interpretation, and field measurements using Arc View and Arc GIS software. The distribution of lotus plants can grow in an environment with a water depth of 35-121 cm, a light penetration depth of 23-100 cm, a water pH of 6.25-8.37, and a sediment pH of 3.33-4.69. The results of the Lotus Distribution Mapping and the Lotus growing environment obtained can be used as a basis for determining the potential distribution of Lotus in each region.

The objective of the paper is to analyse and compare the consequences of the coronacrisis on the entrepreneurship of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Slovakia and the Czech Republic with the aim of identifying the determinants of changes in entrepreneurship. The secondary empirical research was carried out based on the analysis of secondary and primary data. The analysis used economic indicators of SMEs, governmental measures and surveys of the views of entrepreneurs. The analysis used data from statistical databases and official reports from government institutions and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), as well as data from primary surveys conducted by NGOs. Descriptive statistics, financial analysis and cross-comparison methods were used to process the data. The results revealed changes in the business of SMEs in the Czech Republic and Slovakia during the crisis, such as the adaptation of business strategies, improvement of flexibility and acceleration of digitalisation processes. These changes highlighted the importance of building business agility. The summary of the main changes in SME business based on both secondary data and primary surveys and the perception of state anti-pandemic aid by managers as feedback to governments represent the main contributions of the paper.

Large extents of paddy lands are abandoned in the North Western Province. Eventhough low productivity of paddy lands and lack of water at the correct timesseem to be the obvious reasons, the economics of paddy cultivation is as or moreimportant reason for abandoning large extents of paddy lands in this fertileprovince. This paper describes, the engineering that was needed to convert paddy lands tothose on which teak trees could be planted; the extended benefit cost analysis ofplanting teak trees in five hectares of abandoned paddy lands; the barriers and theconstraints to obtaining approval for a project that could provide obviousenvironmental benefits; and the actual experiences and behaviour of theengineered project; as the case study. The engineering that was needed to convert paddy lands, which were on levelsurfaces to those on which teak trees could be planted without refilling, isdescribed. The levelling, design and construction of canals to provide drainageand minor irrigation to the teak plantation, and the actual experiences andbehaviour of the engineered project are highlighted. The extended benefit cost analysis considered the opportunity cost of abandonedpaddy lands, the economic cost of engineered waterways that are needed toconvert paddy lands to those on which teak trees could be planted, the economiccost of land preparation and planting, and the economic and environmental benefitof teak trees. This analysis clearly shows that planting teak trees in abandonedpaddy lands is economically and environmentally viable option. According to the Agrarian Services Act No.58 of 1979 it is mandatory to obtainpermission from The Commissioner of Agrarian Services prior to commencingany activity other than growing paddy in paddy lands. The experiences, barriersand constraints to obtaining approval for a project that had obvious environmentalbenefits to society is described with suggestions on how to improve on theapproval process. As a result of the analysis of the case study, the paper concludes that planting teaktrees in abandoned paddy lands in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka iseconomically and environmentally feasible. Therefore, it is an activity that shouldbe encouraged as part of agricultural forestry or industrial crop cultivation inabandoned paddy lands.

<i>Special Topic Forum</i> on Using Archival and Secondary Data Sources in Supply Chain Management Research

The study was aimed on “Problem Identification of Groundnut Cultivation in Bhadthar Market of Devbhoomi Dwarka District”. The study type was descriptive research. Since groundnut was the most important crop farmed in the area during the Kharif season, the study was primarily focused on groundnut. The research was carried out in Bhadthar, Bhinda, Movan, Golan Sherdi, and Thakar Sherdi villages of Khambaliya Taluka in Gujarat's Devbhoomi Dwarka District. The primary data were collected from 150 respondents from the previously mentioned villages. To meet the study's objectives, both primary and secondary data were collected. The primary survey was carried out with the help of a Semi-structured Schedule. Groundnut farmers' major problems were the high input cost followed by diseases like rust and tikka disease, wilting, seed rot, and yellowing. The retailer’s suggestion was the highest influencing factor followed by a farmer’s/friend’s suggestion, demonstration, farmer meeting, exhibition, leaflets, TV advertisement, poster, wall paintings and jeep campaigns, which influence the farmer’s purchase decision of pesticides followed by the farmer/friend’s suggestion and demonstration.

We provide a list of bird species from our primary surveys and secondary data for an island (Ilha Grande) in southeastern Brazil. The information derives mainly from primary data collected since 1995, particularly in the oceanic side of the island. The methodologies included capture-mark-recapture studies using mist nets, transects (visual and vocal records) and supplementary observations. Our total species list from primary data is 175 species (127 captured) and 47 species were added from secondary data. This represents 222 species from 58 families. Of this total, 44 are endemic to Atlantic forest and nine are threatened with extinction. Our results are discussed comparing our study area with another large island included in the Serra do Mar corridor (Ilha de São Sebastião), and also a nearby continental area (Paraty). The results indicate the importance of Ilha Grande as a reservoir of bird species of Atlantic forest.

Climate change is one of the biggest concerns because its potential impact on human life is severe. The contribution ratio of CH4, CO2, and N2O to global warming would be high even if their emission rates are small. Paddy lands may become polluted by the aggregation of several pollutants, i.e., organic and inorganic fertilizers; discharges from the quickly extending industrial territories; use of manure, and organic solid waste; and wastewater irrigation system. Paddy lands are considered to be a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through methanogenesis (a process of methane production), a microbial process that is strictly restricted to paddy fields. Overall 90% of rice land is at least temporarily flooded and produces GHGs at higher rates. The production of N2O in soils occurs during nitrification, denitrification, and microbiological processes. A positive relationship was found between the climate change and N fertilizer application with N2O emissions from paddy lands. The use of N fertilizer also stimulates and influences the CH4 emission flux between paddy land and atmosphere. The impact of biochar amendments on the CH4 emission expanded by 35.16–40.62% in paddy fields. It is of incredible concern worldwide that gaseous outflows from management of organic solid waste add to local and worldwide scale ecological procedures, for example, eutrophication, fermentation, and climate change. CH4 is generated from the disintegration of organic matter (OM) in anaerobic conditions by methanogens. Soil OM is the most well-known constraining element for methanogenesis in paddy fields. OM obtained from three primary sources: animal fertilizer, green manure, and crop deposits. The amendment of OM, for example, rice deposits and compost application, prompts expanding CH4 outflows because of anaerobic decay and results in climate change.

Soil moisture is essential in monitoring agricultural lands, particularly in Jember, East Java which serves as one of Indonesian rice-producing regions. Scarcity of information related to the environment crucial to rice planting is evident. This includes detailed growth phase and soil moisture, where their estimation could be done through exploiting remote sensing data. This study aims to estimate soil moisture condition on paddy fields in selected study areas by applying Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS data, acquired in 2021. Thermal band of Landsat 8 was utilized to derive the Soil Moisture Index (SMI). This study also investigated the variation of vegetation index (studied using NDVI) and land surface temperature (LST) as parameters related to soil moisture conditions. Paddy fields in the study area were dominated by moderate soil moisture levels, with average SMI of 0.47, NDVI=0.45, and about 22°C temperature. The SMI ranged from 0.21 to 0.65. The low SMI values indicate low vegetation density and high surface temperature in paddy lands. This research suggested that SMI from Landsat 8 could serve as an efficient approach in monitoring soil moisture condition and understanding its correlation to surface temperature and vegetation condition in agricultural areas, particularly paddy fields.

Tackling air pollution and developing sustainable solutions in any region necessitates comprehensive local data, including air quality monitoring, emission inventories, and information on sources and activities contributing to air pollution. Addressing air pollution in these cities necessitates a multi-tiered approach at the regional, city, and neighborhood levels. However, obtaining air quality data at the neighborhood level is largely unavailable in developing countries like India. Relying on city or regional level data to comprehend the sources of air pollution at the neighborhood level is highly uncertain. To overcome this uncertainty and data scarcity, we designed some approaches at various levels which include air quality monitoring site selection, primary data collection to fill the gaps in secondary data, and high resolution (ward level) emission inventory. &amp;#160;The Clean Air Catalyst (CAC) program, led by the World Resources Institute (WRI) and Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), aims to build capacity for local air pollution solutions through source apportionment and emission inventory. To estimate emissions for the Central Indian city of Indore under the Clean Air Catalyst (CAC), we integrated available secondary data with a primary survey to address data gaps and validate the secondary information. Primary survey data, including household, industrial, and commercial energy consumption, as well as the number of employees in industries, was utilized to fill gaps in sectors such as households and industries. Secondary data sources, including time-use surveys, economic census, and the regular census, were employed for the household, construction, and eateries sectors. The Google Earth tool was employed to identify the locations of brick kilns in both Indore city and district. Additionally, secondhand car and bike seller databases were utilized to ascertain the age of vehicles and the type of fuel used in different vehicle categories. In sectors lacking available data, such as waste burning, a distance sampling approach was utilized to estimate the spatial frequency, volume, and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) burning at the neighborhood and city scales. A similar method was applied to gather information about the fuel used and the types of eateries, aiding in estimating emissions from the eateries sector. &amp;#160; A novel methodology was used for air quality monitoring site selection for the Source apportionment study in the Indore city. The air monitoring site was selected using an integrated approach of secondary data, which along with meteorology, land use pattern, also include activity data, demography. The methodology was also validated using the modelling, satellite data, Aerosol optical depth (AOD), low-cost sensors (LCS), back trajectory.&amp;#160; The methodology employed in this study can be applied in cities where limited activity data from surveys are available. Utilizing activity data in monitoring site selection can reduce the uncertainty in air pollution source profiling discrepancies between source apportionment and emission inventory.