Abstract
The crude shale oil fractions below 343°C available in the United States, (a) Geokinetics, (b) Occidental, (c) Paraho, and (d) Tosco II, were catalytically hydroprocessed at low, medium and high severities. The hydroprocessed oils were fractionated to the jet fuel cuts range of 121–300°C. Shale-oil jet fuels were characterized and compared with petroleum jet fuels to evaluate their suitability as future jet fuel oil substitutes. Nitrogen content in shale-oil jet cuts was in the range of 0.03 to 1.15 wt%. The lowest nitrogen content, 0.03 wt% in high severity Occidental jet fuel, was considerably higher than that of the petroleum jet fuel cuts (1–5 ppm). The sulfur content and mercaptan sulfur content in shale-oil jet fuel was significantly lower than in petroleum jet fuel (total sulfur = 0.3 wt% maximum, mercaptan sulfur = 0.003 wt% maximum), the hydrogen content (13–14wt%) in the shale-oil jet fuel cut was lower than that of petroleum jet fuel (15–16 wt%). The jet fuel distillates, volume percent of the shale-oil and petroleum, that were operated at the same temperatures were comparable; with the exception of the freezing points of the shale-oil fuel cut which were much higher than those of the petroleum jet fuel.
Published Version
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