Abstract
BackgroundSubstantial heterogeneity in HIV prevalence has been observed within sub-Saharan Africa. It is not clear which factors can explain these differences. Our aim was to identify risk factors that could explain the large differences in HIV-1 prevalence among pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe, and Moshi, Tanzania.MethodsCross-sectional data from a two-centre study that enrolled pregnant women in Harare (N = 691) and Moshi (N = 2654) was used. Consenting women were interviewed about their socio-demographic background and sexual behaviour, and tested for presence of sexually transmitted infections and reproductive tract infections. Prevalence distribution of risk factors for HIV acquisition and spread were compared between the two areas.ResultsThe prevalence of HIV-1 among pregnant women was 26% in Zimbabwe and 7% in Tanzania. The HIV prevalence in both countries rises constantly with age up to the 25-30 year age group. After that, it continues to rise among Zimbabwean women, while it drops for Tanzanian women. Risky sexual behaviour was more prominent among Tanzanians than Zimbabweans. Mobility and such infections as HSV-2, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis were more prevalent among Zimbabweans than Tanzanians. Reported male partner circumcision rates between the two countries were widely different, but the effect of male circumcision on HIV prevalence was not apparent within the populations.ConclusionsThe higher HIV-1 prevalence among pregnant women in Zimbabwe compared with Tanzania cannot be explained by differences in risky sexual behaviour: all risk factors tested for in our study were higher for Tanzania than Zimbabwe. Non-sexual transmission of HIV might have played an important role in variation of HIV prevalence. Male circumcision rates and mobility could contribute to the rate and extent of spread of HIV in the two countries.
Highlights
Substantial heterogeneity in HIV prevalence has been observed within sub-Saharan Africa
The HIV prevalence for both countries rises constantly with age, but while it continues to rise among Zimbabwean women older than 30 years, the graph for Tanzanian women tails off
From our data and available information, we conclude that differences in sexual behaviour alone cannot explain the much higher HIV prevalence in Harare, Zimbabwe, than in Moshi, Tanzania
Summary
Substantial heterogeneity in HIV prevalence has been observed within sub-Saharan Africa. It is not clear which factors can explain these differences. Our aim was to identify risk factors that could explain the large differences in HIV-1 prevalence among pregnant women in Harare, Zimbabwe, and Moshi, Tanzania. There is substantial heterogeneity in HIV-1 prevalence within sub-Saharan Africa, a region that contains more than a third of the world’s HIV-1 infections [1]. Zimbabwe and Tanzania are examples of sub-Saharan countries that show large variations in HIV prevalence. HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe was estimated to be 27% in 2001, 19% in 2005, 16% in 2007 [3] and 14% in 2009 [4]. The HIV prevalence rate among Tanzanian antenatal clinic attendees in 2005/06 was 8%, and in 2008, it was estimated to be 6% [6]
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