Sex‐biased mGluR5 pharmacology and pathophysiological signaling in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

Sex is an important modifier of the prevalence and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). β-Amyloid (Aβ) deposition is a pathological hallmark of AD and aberrant activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) by Aβ has been linked to AD progression. We find that mGluR5 exhibits distinct and unexpected sex-selective pharmacological profiles. Specifically, the mGluR5 forms a ternary complex with Aβ oligomer and cellular prion protein (PrPC) to elicit mGluR5-dependent pathological signaling in male but not female mouse brain. The inability of mGluR5 to scaffold with PrPC abolishes the affinity of Aβ oligomers to mGluR5 in female mouse brain. The latter observation was validated in postmortem human brain indicating that this phenomenon is evolutionarily conserved. The sex-specific differences in mGluR5 pharmacology translate into in vivo differences in mGluR5-dependent pathological signaling between male and female APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice. We show that mGluR5 inhibition using a selective negative allosteric modulator reverses cognitive decline and Aβ oligomer pathology in male, but not female, APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice. The improved Aβ pathology in male APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mice was due to mGluR5-mediated reactivation of a GSK3β/ZBTB16-regulated autophagy mechanism. Surprisingly, GSK3β/ZBTB16-regulated autophagy was not altered in female APPswe/PS1ΔE9. Thus, it is evident that, unlike male brain, mGluR5 does not contribute to Aβ pathology in female brain. This study highlights the complexity of mGluR5 pharmacology and Aβ oligomer-activated signaling and emphasizes the need for novel targets for AD treatment in females.