Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the early detection of date palm gender, the current study was conducted using some DNA markers technology using Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) and three molecular markers including Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), and Cleaved Amplified Polymorphic Sequence (CAPS) and Nested PCR. Results showed that RAPD primers used cleared different banding pattern. Fifty primers showed monomorphic bands while ten showed polymorphic bands for the two balks Males (MB) and females (FM). These primers showed 626 total bands in which 41 of them was polymorphic (6.54% polymorphism). OPD.10 primer gave the highest number of bands reached 118 bands and was the highest efficiency (18.85%). While the primer OPE04 was least efficient (3.51%), giving only 22 bands. A band with molecular weight of 143 bp appeared in six females of the total seven female varieties (85.71%) and did not appear in all males suggesting a positive marker which could be consider a candidate region for gender in date palm. Results of CAPS markers using three restriction enzymes: Bcl I, Hpa II and RsaI to digest the PCR products of OPD.10 primer. Results indicated that not all enzymes were useful for cutting DNA of samples. Bcl I enzyme cut the band of 143 bp which appeared in six female samples, while Hpa II enzyme cut the band of 180 bp in five males and six females. The former enzyme had also cut and the band of 433 bp in all female varieties. No response was noted when DNA was restricted with enzyme RsaI. The above results consider to be promising for gender detection in date palm.
Highlights
Wheat is one of the most important strategic crops locally and internationally as it is a staple food for humans in many countries
Etc.), which was 22%, 8.1%, 7.6% and 5.4%, respectively, and inadequate quantities that received from the state, in addition the marketing which suffers from many problems and obstacles and boring routine and inefficiency of its operating systems which has lost confidence in the direct dealings between farmers and management of state stores, the research included several conclusions and recommendations to the relevant authorities for solving the problems and obstacles in the value chains of the wheat crop in Iraq to increase the competitiveness of this crop in the local and regional market
The research assumed that the most important problems and obstacles that face the value chain of wheat in Iraq start from the first processing chain of production requirements and workshops production, marketing and storage problems until stage of arrival the product to consumer table, all these factors have a significant impact on increasing production costs, decrease the profits and added value achieved for wheat farmers .The research aims to study the following objectives :Diagnosis the main factors influencing in value chain of wheat crop in Iraq
Summary
Wheat is one of the most important strategic crops locally and internationally as it is a staple food for humans in many countries. Iraq ranked third after Egypt and Morocco in terms of production in Arab world at 2013, by production 4178000 tons, while it was second in cultivated area, which was 1844000 hectares, the average of productivity was 2266 kg / ha, by 566.5 kg / dunum, while the average of productivity of Egypt was 6623 kg / ha by 1655 kg/ dunum (1) This low rate of production, which does not meet the needs of local consumption, has caused the country to import to meet the main food requirements, especially wheat, which affect in balance of trade in Iraq, which drain large sums of money in foreign currency for importing large quantities of wheat, as well as the political pressure exerted on this aspect, which affect in food security, this requires study of the wheat crop and its productivity in all its episodes and the diagnosis of problems and constraints and the factors related to its production and variability, which led to a decrease in the profits and added value achieved for this crop at the level of the national economy or at the farm level of farm income, through the methodology of studying the analysis of the value chain of wheat in Iraq, which has been interested in research, study and diagnosis of the most important problems and obstacles in the chain of and find appropriate solutions and recommendations. AL- Dahary (3) define the added value that is the generated value by the use of production inputs (variable costs) in the production process to their original value
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