Severity Classification of Parkinson’s Disease via Synthesis of Energy Skeleton Images from Videos Produced in Uncontrolled Environments

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Parkinson’s Disease is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions worldwide, primarily marked by motor and non-motor symptoms due to the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons. Despite the absence of a cure, current treatments focus on symptom management, often relying on pharmacotherapy and surgical interventions. Early diagnosis remains a critical challenge, particularly in underserved areas, as existing diagnostic protocols lack standardization and accessibility. This paper proposes a novel framework for the diagnosis and severity classification of PD using video data captured in uncontrolled environments. Methods: Leveraging deep learning techniques, our approach synthesizes Skeleton Energy Images (SEIs) from gait sequences and employs three advanced models—a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), a Residual Network (ResNet), and a Vision Transformer (ViT)—to analyze these images. Our methodology allows for the accurate detection of PD and differentiation of its severity without requiring specialized equipment or professional oversight. The dataset used consists of labeled videos capturing the early stages of the disease, facilitating the potential for timely intervention. Results: The four models performed very accurately during the training phase. In fact, an accuracy higher than 99% was achieved by the ViT and ResNet models. Moreover, a lesser accuracy of 90% was achieved by the CNN five-layer model. During the test phase, only the best-performing models from the training experiments were tested. The ResNet-18 model has achieved a 100% accuracy. However, the ViT and the CNN five-layer models have achieved, respectively, 99.96% and 96.40% test accuracy. Conclusions: The results demonstrate high accuracy, highlighting the framework’s capabilities, and in particular the effectiveness of the workflow used for generating the SEI images. Given the nature of the dataset used, the proposed framework stands to function as a cost-effective and accessible tool for early PD detection in various healthcare settings. This study contributes to the advancement of mobile health technologies, aiming to enhance early diagnosis and monitoring of Parkinson’s Disease.