Abstract
Objective: To explore the relationship between volume of paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) head injury (HI) admissions, specialist paediatric neurosurgical PICU practice, and mortality in England and Wales.Methods: Analysis of HI cases (age <16 years) from the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network national cohort of sequential PICU admissions in 27 units in England and Wales, in the 5 years 2004–2008. Risk-adjusted mortality using the Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) model was compared between PICUs aggregated into quartile groups, first to fourth based on descending number of HI admissions/year: highest volume, medium–higher volume, medium–lower volume, and lowest volume. The effect of category of PICU interventions – observation only, mechanical ventilation (MV) only, and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring – on outcome was also examined. Observations were reported in relation to specialist paediatric neurosurgical PICU practice.Results: There were 2575 admissions following acute HI (4.4% of non-cardiac surgery PICU admissions in England and Wales). PICU mortality was 9.3%. Units in the fourth-quartile (lowest volume) group did not have significant specialist paediatric neurosurgical activity on the PICU; the other groups did. Overall, there was no effect of HI admissions by individual PICU on risk-adjusted mortality. However, there were significant effects for both intensive care intervention category (p<0.001) and HI admissions by grouping (p<0.005). Funnel plots and control charts using the PIM model showed a hierarchy in increasing performance from lowest volume (group IV), to medium–higher volume (group II), to highest volume (group I), to medium–lower volume (group III) sectors of the health care system.Conclusions: The health care system in England and Wales for critically ill HI children requiring PICU admission performs as expected in relation to the PIM model. However, the lowest-volume sector, comprising 14 PICUs with little or no paediatric neurosurgical activity on the unit, exhibits worse than expected outcome, particularly in those undergoing ICP monitoring. The best outcomes are seen in units in the mid-volume sector. These data do not support the hypothesis that there is a simple relationship between PICU volume and performance.
Highlights
In the UK during 2001 to 2003 the incidence of head injury (HI) in childhood necessitating intensive care management was 5.6 per 100,000 paediatric population per year.1. Emergency care for these children is organised such that urgent supportive management is initiated locally and subsequent intensive care of intracranial complications is undertaken in regional centres
Two health care system issues arise from regional centralisation of services: how does the provision of emergency practice contend with the geographical problem of patient access, if timeliness is a key requirement?; and, given the geography of population density, does volume of paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) HI practice have an impact on mortality? We know from recent work that the system of access to emergency neurosurgery in severely head injured children in England and Wales does not achieve surgical evacuation of a haematoma in a timely manner
We have examined the standard dataset of demographic and clinical information and PICU mortality on these episodes that is collected by PICU staff using bespoke software provided by the Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet)
Summary
In the UK during 2001 to 2003 the incidence of head injury (HI) in childhood necessitating intensive care management was 5.6 per 100,000 paediatric population per year.1 Emergency care for these children is organised such that urgent supportive management is initiated locally and subsequent intensive care of intracranial complications is undertaken in regional centres.. We know from recent work that the system of access to emergency neurosurgery in severely head injured children in England and Wales does not achieve surgical evacuation of a haematoma in a timely manner.. We know from recent work that the system of access to emergency neurosurgery in severely head injured children in England and Wales does not achieve surgical evacuation of a haematoma in a timely manner.5,6 This problem is being addressed by the UK Department of Health.. In this report we have used the Paediatric Index of Mortality (PIM) risk adjustment model to explore the relationship between volume of PICU HI practice and mortality in England and Wales
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