Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome with Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia in Man-To-Man Sexual Relations: A Case Report

Abstract

Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) is a rare and life-threatening condition predominantly observed in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Here, we present a case report of a 22-year-old previously healthy male who developed severe ARDS with PJP with an active background of man-to-man sexual relations. This case report highlights the occurrence of severe ARDS with PJP that can happen to individuals engaged in man-to-man sexual relations. The transmission of PJP through sexual contact in the absence of traditional risk factors presents a unique diagnostic and management challenge. Healthcare providers should be vigilant in considering PJP as a potential cause of severe respiratory distress in patients with a history of high-risk sexual behaviours, regardless of their immune status. Further research is needed to better understand the transmission dynamics and risk factors associated with PJP, especially in sexually active man-to-man individuals. Increased awareness of atypical presentations of PJP is essential to ensuring early diagnosis and appropriate management in such cases.