Seroprevalensi Leptospira pada Rattus Norvegicus dan Rattus Tanezumi Berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin dan Umur

Rats are the main natural infectious host of leptospirosis to human. Rattus norvegicus (rats) and Rattus tanezumi (house mice) are two types of domestic rats that related with leptospira infection in the world. They are played the main role major leptospirosis transmission to human than others. This study aims to determine seroprevalence of Leptospira of R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi based of the sex and age. The method of study was trapping rats in the Miroto village (Semarang) and Tridonorejo village (Demak). LeptoTec Dri-Dot test has used after take blood of the rats intracardially and weight eye lens used to determinan age of the rats. The results showed seroprevalence of Leptospira in R. norvegicus were 66,67% and R. tanezumi were 24,39%. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in R. norvegicus females were 71,43% and R. norvegicus males were 60%. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in R. tanezumi females were 21,43% and R. tanezumi male were 30,77%. Based of age showed seroprevalence of Leptospira was highest in R. norvegicus and R.tanezumi adult than R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi young.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira spp infecting human body through contact with urine of infected animals. Although leptospirosis has been reported in Indonesia, however there is no data of the disease in some regencies of Central Sulawesi Province , particularly in Toli-Toli, Tojo Una-una and Parigi Moutong . The clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult to be determined. As a result, the disease report is lower than the real condition in the field. This research was designed using an observational descriptive cross-sectional study. Samples were collected by purposive sampling based on geographic stratification and ecosystems as well as line transect method. The present Leptospira spp in rats were confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). The results demonstrated that Leptospira spp was successfully detected in rats distributed in various ecosystems (far and near settlements) in the three regencies. The infected rats were Bunomys sp., Rattus sp., Maxomys whiteheadi , Rattus tanezumi , Maxomys cf. hellwaldii , Bunomys penitus , Rattus facetus , Maxomys cf. musschenbroekii , Mus musculus, Rattus hoffmanni , and Rattus exulans . The results also indicated that the risk of leptospirosis attacking in human transmitted by rats in those three regencies was relatively high.

Leptospirosis is one of the worldwide zoonoses. Rodent is the most important reservoir of leptospirosis, and their serovars are related to the ones of human patients. Hence the first part of this study is to investigate the leptospiral sero-prevalence in wild rodents captured during June 2005 and May 2006. Three hundred and twenty-nine rodents were captured from harbors, traditional markets, university campus and the fields in Taiwan. The total prevalence detected by MAT (microscopic agglutination test) was 12.93 % ( 41/317，95 % CI = 11.05 % - 14.82 % ). The Fu-ao habor in Matsu had the highest seropositive rate ( 22.22 % ). The rodent species which found with the highest seropositive rate was Rattus flavipetcus ( 18.18 % ). The main serogroup discovered was Pomona ( 64.29 %，36/56 ), and the second one was Shermani ( 12.50 %，7/56). The highest geometric mean titres were 1: 229.7 of Autumnalis and 1: 181.6 of Pomona. Besides, to avoid the infectious risks of MAT caused by the operation of live pathogens, and to minimize the operation time, labor and material cost, this study evaluated the recombinant LipL32 protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( rLipL32-ELISA ), and heat stable antigen- sensitized ( from non-pathogenic strain, Leptospira biflexa ) latex agglutination test ( LAT ), for the development of simpler and safer serological screening methods with MAT as the gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity and agreement of rLipL32-ELISA were 95.00 %, 91.34 % and 91.80 %, and 33.33 %, 87.80 % and 82.65 % of LAT, respectively. The kappa value compared with MAT were 0.699 ( 95 % CI = 0.59-0.81 ) of rLip32-ELISA and 0.174 ( 95% CI = -0.27-0.62 ) of LAT. This study revealed a higher seroprevalence of leptospirosis in rodents, especially in habor areas. This should be noticed for the workers in such environments. In the meanwhile, the most prevalent serogroup investigated by this study was Pomona, which is different from the previous surveys during the last decade that mainly serogroup was Shermani. In addition, the rLipL32-ELISA has the potential to be a screening tool for leptospirosis, because of its high sensitivity, specificity, and agreement ( up to 91.80 % ).

Leptospirosis is one of rodent borne neglected diseases, but health problem in day. Transmision of Leptospirosis occurs by contact with water or humid soil contaminated with urine from rodent infected with Leptospira. The aim of this research was to know epidemiology Leptospirosis in Semarang City and Demak District, in April-November 2008. The design of this research was cross sectional. The activity included Leptospirosis diagnosis with Rapid Diagostic Test (Leptotek Dri Dot) and rat trappings. Data were analysed descriptively by using tables, graphics and maps. The result showed that in 2008, Leptospirosis incidence in the both areas was higher compared to the previous year. The Leptospirosis cases tended to increase in the rainy season. In Semarang City, Leptospirosis cases were mostly found in the age group of 0-19 years (44,1%) and 51% of the total cases were female. In Demak District, the cases were mostly found in the age group of 40-49 years (25,7%) and 75,7% from the total cases were male. The spesies rats found in this research were Rattus tanezumi, R.norvegicus, B.indica, Mus musculus, R.exculan and Suncus murinus. Kidney test of the rats caught in Semarang City showed Rattus tanezumi, R.norwegicus, B.indica, and R.exculan were infected with Leptospira sp.

Background: World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that the incidence of leptospirosis was ≥ 500.000 cases annually with worldwide distribution. The Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of leptospirosis in Indonesia in 2004-2012 reached > 5%. Leptospirosis in Banyumas discovered since 2010 and until May 2014 found two suspected leptospirosis in Beji Village District of Kedung Banteng and Kedung Pring village District of Kemranjen. The purpose of this study was to identify the reservoir of leptospirosis. Method: The study was cross-sectional. The Location conducted in Kedung Pring village, Kemranjen sub district and Beji village, Kedung Banteng sub district in Banyumas. Result: The species that found in the location were Rattus tanezumi and Suncus murinus, but in Beji village also founded the Mus musculus. The trap success in each location was 15% for Beji Village kedung Banteng sub district and 14.14% for Kedung Pring village, Kemranjen sub district. Concusion: All of species that found in the study are known potentially to transmit leptospirosis. Keywords: Leptospirosis, Banyumas, Rats

Background: Rat is a rodent that can disrupt the lives and welfare of human beings. In the health sector, rats have an important role in the transmission of zoonotic diseases, because they contain ectoparasites. The purpose of this study was to determine the density of rats (trap success) and the types of ectoparasites in rats that were captured in the Jomblang Village, Candisari Subdistrict, Semarang. Method: This research was a descriptive study using survey method with cross sectional approach. Sample collection was done by placing single live trap in 50 houses, which every house got 2 single live traps. Results: The results showed that the number of rats that captured as 48 (trap success = 16 %), but only 43 has been successfully identified. Species of rat trapped consisted of Rattus tanezumi (48.84%), Rattus norvegicus (25.58%), Rattus norvegicus javanus (9.30%), Rattus exulans (2.33%), Bandicota indica (2.33%), Mus musculus (2.33%) and Suncus murinus (9.30%). Infested fleas were found on 30.23% rats, mostly on Rattus tanezumi (38.09%). All 16 fleas found in rats were Xenopsylla cheopis . The general flea index was < 2. Infested mites found on 44.19% rats, mostly on Rattus tanezumi (47.62%). From total 86 mites found in rats, there were two species of mites, Laelaps nutalli (83.72%) and Laelaps echidninus (16.28%). Conclusion: There were 7 species of rats, 1 species of mites and 2 species of fleas. Rattus tanezomi was the most infected rat species

Leptospirosis outbreak was occurred in Klaten district, Central Java, in June 2005. This outbreak was caused dead case out of 4 cases (Case fatality rate 25%). The Lepto­ spirosis reservoir spot survey was conducted in Bakung village, Jogonalan sub district, Klaten district, Central Java, in July 2005. The aim of the study was to discover the prevalence of leptospirosis and the diversity of rats. The methods use was rats trapping and serology test, for leptospira. The result of the study found 3 kinds of rats species, i.e. Rattus tanezumi (in houses), Bandicota indica , R. tiomanicus (in rice field) and 1 species of shrew Suncus murinus. In addition to that, it was found that R. tanezumi (6.82% of 44 rats) was infected by Leptospira bataviae , L. autumnalis and L. icterohemorrhagiae .

Background: Globally, the incidence of leptospirosis was ≥500.000 cases especially in Indonesia, the mortality rate of lesptospirosis reached >5% in 2004-2012. Two suspected cases are found in Banyumas area since 2010 to May 2014 The purpose of this study was to identify the reservoir of leptospirosis. Method: The study was cross-sectional. The Location conducted in Kedung Pring village, Kemranjen sub district and Beji village, Kedung Banteng sub district in Banyumas. Results: The species of rats are called Rattus tanezumi and Suncus murinus, however Mus musculus is found in Beji village. The trap of rat was succed in each location was 15% for Beji Village kedung Banteng sub district and 14.14% for Kedung Pring village, Kemranjen sub district. Conclusion: All of species rats that are potentially transmitted for leptospirosis.

The agents that cause diseases of zoonotic importance in canines, such as Canine brucellosis and Leptospirosis, have gained importance in human clinical practice. Objective: To discover the prevalence and behavior of both diseases in the canine population in the city of Medellin to develop measures of prevention and control in this area. Methods: A total of 1,300 canines were sampled to test for Brucella canis and Leptospira spp. using the PARP-2ME and MAT techniques, respectively, to establish the statistical significance of the different variables analyzed (P ≤ 0.05; OR ≥ 1; 95% CI). Results: Seroprevalence was determined to be 7.32% for B. canis and 9.08%, for Leptospira spp. with a 0.77% co-infection rate of both diseases. The most prevalent serovars for Leptospira spp. were Canicola (3.38%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (2.62%), and Pomona (0.92%). A statistical association was reported for B. canis with the commune variable (San Javier P = 0.002; OR = 2.724 / Guayabal P = 0.000; OR = 3.862 / Belen P = 0.002; OR = 2.953), and for Leptospira spp. with the commune variable (Buenos Aires P = 0.011; OR = 2.220) and age (37-48 months P = 0.005; OR = 4.272). Conclusions: This study shows that both agents are in circulation among the canine population in the city and in all the communes analyzed, representing a possible risk of infection to owners and other animals entering into contact with them.

Objective To investigate the geographical distribution of plague host animals in residential areas and the association between plague and its distribution pattern in Yunnan Province.Methods A systematic investigation on fauna and community ecology of rodents was carried out in residential areas of 17 counties(cities) of Yunnan Province,southwestern China with different longitude,latitude and elevation from May 2007 to November 2012.The characteristics of the spatial distribution of flea communities along environmental gradients were analyzed using community structure indexes.Results A total of 390 small mammals were trapped in seventeen counties (cities),and the mammals were classified into 11 species and 7 genus in 4 families.Among all small host mammals,Rattus tanezumi,Rattus nitidus and Rattus norvegicus were dominant species of host animals in residential areas,accounting for 33.85％ (132/390),20.77％ (81/390) and 16.92％ (66/390),respectively.The horizontal distribution of rodents showed that Rattus tanezumi was the widest species in residential areas,which was found at the longitude 98°-105°,followed by Rattus norvegicus,Rattus yunnanensis and Mus musculus.The vertical and latitudinal distributions of rodents were similar in residential areas.Rattus tanezumi was also the widest distributed species,which was observed at the latitude 21°-＜ 28°N and at the altitude 500-＜ 3 500 m; the constituent of Rattus tanezumi showed similar trends of leaning peak curves,first gradually increasing and then decreasing with the increase of latitude and elevation; Rattus tanezumi gradually changed into Rattus nitidus and Apodemus chevrieri,et al.The richness spatial distribution patterns of host animals showed similar trends of leaning peak curves which gradually increased and then decreased with increasing of longitude and latitude; the highest richness was observed at the longitude 98°-＜ 101°E and at the latitude 23°-＜ 28°N.While,the richness spatial d istribution patterns of host animals were relatively poor in the low or the high altitude range.The highest richness was observed at the altitude between 1 000-＜ 1 500 m and 2 000-＜ 2 500 m.Conclusions All spatial patterns of indoor host animals have shown an aggregated spatial distribution in Yunnan Province.Moreover,important environmental factors such as longitude,latitude,and altitude play a substantial role on the distribution patterns of indoor host animals among various focus,therefore directly impact on the modes of prevalence and transmission of plague. Key words: Plague; Host animal ; Geographical distribution

Hantavirus is a category II notifiable disease in Taiwan. The aim of this study is to investigate the rodent population, distribution, and seropositive rate of Hantavirus in its rodent vector. During the period from Jan 1, 2010 to Dec 31, 2013, a total of 3,088 rodents, which can be categorized into 6 species in 4 genera, 2 families, and 2 orders have been captured at international ports in Taiwan. The dominate species of the captured rodents were the species of Rattus norvegicus, followed by, in percentage descending order, Suncus murinus, Rattus losea, Rattus tanezumi, Bandicota indica and Musmus culus. The number of rodents captured were not differ greatly by year, indicated that the rodents now reached to a stable population in ports area. The detected Hantavirus seropositive rate was highest in R. norvegicus (11.52%), followed by R. tanezumi (2.60%), S. murinus (1.01%), and R. losea (0.25%). The average Hantavirus seropositive rate in rodents captured at international ports during Jan 2010 to Dec 2013 was 6.02 % (0.00%- 36.55%), except none detected in two ports (Taipei seaport and Hualian seaport). Although we have been monitoring the infection of hantavirus in rodents at international ports during the period from Nov 2004 to Dec 2013, but the hantavirus seropositive rate in rodent population was still presented at a certain level. The risk of human infection by hantavirus when in contact with excreta or secretions from infected rodents is high. We suggested that the authorities at international ports should strengthen port sanitation control and decrease density of rodent population in ports area, and focus on rodent elimination by drug, thus reduce the chance of contact between human and rodents, furthermore reduce the risk of human infection.

A serological survey was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of 5 major abortive infections in 13 sheep flocks and 10 goat herds in 2 regions of Morocco. A total of 308 from aborted females (202 ewes and 106 does) and 197 sera (97 ewes and 99 does), were tested for brucellosis, chlamydiosis, Q fever, toxoplasmosis, and for 9 major serovars of Leptospira. An average abortion rate of 12.10% was found in ewes and 10.26% in does. The serological analyses revealed the presence of all 5 abortive infections, both in sheep and in goats. Ten (43%) herds/flocks were positive to brucellosis, 21 (91%) to chlamydiosis, 17 (74%) to toxoplasmosis, 13 (57%) to Q fever, and 5 (22%) to leptospirosis. Leptospira spp. serovars Copenhageni and Grypothyphosa were found in a single sheep flock, while Tarassovi and Copenhageni were detected in 4 goat herds. Of the 23 investigated herds/flocks, 22 (96%) showed mixed infections. The findings of this study confirmed the possible involvement of the 5 selected abortive infections in abortion outbreaks occurring in the investigated regions. Further investigations are needed to better understand the aetiology of infectious abortions in herds and flocks within investigated regions.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial infectious disease that exists worldwide and is gaining increasing importance in Germany. Serologic evidence of leptospiral infection in cats exists, however clinical manifestations are rarely reported and little infor-mation is known about leptospirosis in cats and the epidemiological importance as a potential source of infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence as well as the risk factors for leptospiral infection of indoor and outdoor cats in the Berlin and Brandenburg area. 175 sera have been sampled from outdoor and indoor cats randomly selected and analyzed by serum micro-agglu- tination test for 17 serovars (Cut-off a 1:100). The cats were before-hand presented at the Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universitat Berlin (2012-2016), with various clinical findings or for routine health checks. Possible risk factors were determined based on a standard-ized questionnaire and evaluated using logistic regression models. Overall, antibodies were detected in 28 of 175 cats (16%) with titers ranging from 1:100 to 1:3200 (median 1:200). The most frequently serovars in 27 (22%) of the outdoor cats were Pomona, Grippoty-phosa and Javanica. The hunting of rodents (OR = 8,9; p = 0,001) has been identified as the greatest risk factor for an infection. Only one indoor cat had an antibody titer (1:100) against Pomona and this cat lived together with outdoor cats. Based on clinical findings in five of the seropositive outdoor cats a clinically manifest lepto-spirosis was suspected. Antibody titers against leptospirosis were found in outdoor cats with a percentage of 22%. The greatest risk factor of a leptospiral infection represented the hunting of rodents. Leptospirosis should be considered a differential diagnosis especial-ly in outdoor cats with hunting lifestyle and unexplained kidney or liver disease.

Objective To investigate and analyze proportion and distribution of small mammals and their parasitic fleas in households of western Yunnan Province and evaluate the risk of plague occurrence.Methods During the period from 2011 to 2012,800 households （20 households in each village） of 40 natural villages from 10 counties of western Yunnan Province were randomly selected and five live-traps per household were placed for three continuous nights to capture small mammals.Fleas from trapped small mammals were collected in laboratory.Small mammal density,flea infection,and flea index were calculated.Flea infections for small mammal species were compared using Chi square test.Results A total of 421 small mammals were captured,which belonged to 2 orders 2 families 6 genera and 9 species.General small mammal density was 3.51%（421/12 000）.The number of Rattus tanezumi was 278,which accounted for 66.03%.The highest density of Rattus tanezumi was 7.83% （94/ 1 200） in Mangshi.But Rattus tanezumi was not captured in Deqin County.A total of 992 fleas,which belonged to 3 families 5 genera and 5 species,were collected from 170 small mammals.General flea infection was 40.38% （170/421）.General flea index was 2.36 （992/421）.Among 992 fleas,Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis accounted for 47.78% （474/992） and 43.25% （429/992）,respectively.Xenopsylla cheopis flea index for Rattus tanezumi was 1.27 （353/278）.Flea infection of Rattus tanezumi （53.6%,149/278） was highest,and Xenopsylla c heopis infection of Rattus tanezumi（35.6%,99/278） was highest.Conclusions In households of western Yunnan Province,Rattus tanezumi is predominant species,Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis are dominant parasitic fleas and they are also dominant parasitic flea of Rattus tanezumi.The risk of plague occurrence still exists in Mangshi,Yunxian and Gengma counties with previous plague experience. Key words: Small mammal; Parasitic flea; Household; Western Yunnan Province

Delineating host-pathogen interaction of pathogenic Leptospira spp. Abstract Leptospirosis is a highly infectious, global, zoonotic disease affecting the majority of the mammalian species. Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic bacteria, Leptospira spp., with more than >250 serovars identified. Cattle are one of the most susceptible hosts where the infection is commonly caused by serovar Hardjobovis. Bovine leptospirosis (BL) causes severe reproductive disorders and is a significant public health risk. Commercially available BL vaccines are typically bacterin and considered limited as they are serovar-specific and confer temporary protection. Bacterial outer membrane proteins (OMPs) are extensively studied as potential vaccine candidates for infectious diseases due to their ability to stimulate robust immune responses and induce cross-protective immunity. Here, seven novels OMPs from L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjobovis L550 were identified using a reverse vaccinology approach. Four OMP genes were successfully cloned, expressed and purified as recombinant proteins. Subsequent functional in vitro binding assays showed that these OMPs could adhere to various host components and two OMPs of 37 and 49 kDa with significant binding results were re-assigned as ‘Leptospiral adhesin’ (Lsa) together with molecular weights as Lsa37 and Lsa49. Immunological evaluation of antibody titres against the OMPs in cattle bulk milk suggests these proteins are expressed by the bacteria and interact with the host immune system with two OMPs, OmpL1 and rLBL0375 exhibiting better discrimination with disease status. Several leptospiral OMPs exhibit molecular diversity through comparative sequence analysis. Here, two groups of OMP variants, OmpL1 and Lsa49 across five pathogenic genomospecies were selected via phylogenetic analysis to evaluate their functional binding diversities towards various host components. OmpL1 exhibited significant binding variation against various host components, compared to Lsa49. The diversity is strongly correlated with variations on predicted OmpL1 surface-exposed loops contributing to functional loss and gain via molecular evolution, which resulted in binding preferential towards specific host molecules. Immunological evaluation of cattle sera showed that these OMPs are expressed and exposed to the host immune system, and had a strong association against one another. This suggests that these OMPs may have similar structural epitopes that allow antibody binding, and indicates conserved immunogenicity across species. In a final study, we investigated whether the ruminant gastrointestinal (GI) tract was a carriage site for Leptospira. Through PCR surveys of ruminant gingival and rectal tissues, the presence of leptospires was identified as extremely low, thus indicating the GI tract does not appear to be an important leptospire carriage site. In conclusion, here we have identified several novel bovine leptospire OMPs, which may be useful vaccine or diagnostic components for bovine leptospirosis in the future. Additionally, the functional diversity between leptospiral OMP variants identifies OMP genetic evolution resulting in addition or loss of binding function, highlighting the complex host-pathogen interaction of leptospirosis. Lastly, this study does not suggest a role for the ruminant GI tract in leptospire carriage, indicating disease transmission through this route is unlikely.