Sensory differences mediate species variation in detour task performance

Abstract

Animal species differ considerably in their ability to detour around a see-through obstacle to reach a goal positioned behind it. This variation is commonly assumed to derive from interspecific differences in the cognitive functions involved in the execution of the task, such as spatial abilities and inhibitory motor control. A teleost fish, the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, has recently been found to outperform many mammals and birds in this type of task. To determine whether this is a typical condition in teleost fish or whether detour abilities vary among fish species as observed in mammals and birds, we compared four distantly related teleosts in a transparent barrier task using a group of conspecifics as the goal. The scores of three species (Poecilia reticulata, Xenotoca eiseni, Oryzias sarasinorum) were similar to those previously reported for fish. The remaining species, the zebrafish, Danio rerio, showed a much higher performance, close to that of warm-blooded animals with the highest scores (e.g. corvids and monkeys). In comparative cognition studies, contextual variables rather than differences in cognitive ability may be responsible for observed differences between species. In a second experiment, we found that the four species were similarly gregarious, excluding a different motivation to reach the target as an explanation for the different performance. In another experiment, however, we found evidence that the zebrafish's higher detour performance might be due to a sensory advantage. Zebrafish used olfactory cues (towards which the barrier was opaque) to navigate to the social stimuli, whereas the guppy, which we used as a control species, preferentially relied on visual information. This study highlights the importance of sensory differences as a source of potential experimental confound in comparative cognition research.