Abstract
Wound assessment is usually performed in hospitals or specialized labs. However, since patients spend most of their time at home, a remote real time wound monitoring would help providing a better care and improving the healing rate. This review describes the advances in sensors and biosensors for monitoring the concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP), temperature and pH in wounds. These three parameters can be used as qualitative biomarkers to assess the wound status and the effectiveness of therapy. CRP biosensors can be classified in: (a) field effect transistors, (b) optical immunosensors based on surface plasmon resonance, total internal reflection, fluorescence and chemiluminescence, (c) electrochemical sensors based on potentiometry, amperometry, and electrochemical impedance, and (d) piezoresistive sensors, such as quartz crystal microbalances and microcantilevers. The last section reports the most recent developments for wearable non-invasive temperature and pH sensors suitable for wound monitoring.
Highlights
In normal physiological conditions, wound healing is a biological process that consists of four phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue re-modeling [1]
Armstrong et al studied the progression of wound healing in 332 diabetic foot patients using infrared thermometers and observed that the patients with a temperature difference at baseline between the infected and the healthy feet ≥ about 5.5 ◦ C were characterized by non-healing and acute wound, whereas differences ≤ 5.5 ◦ C were associated with the wounds in the healing phase [43]
Thiol groups promoted the binding of the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to the nanowires, whereas amine groups were used to bind anti-C-reactive protein (CRP) to ssDNA
Summary
Wound healing is a biological process that consists of four phases: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue re-modeling [1]. Studies investigating the role of temperature in wound healing are largely heterogeneous due to the presence of factors such as inflammation, immune response, bacterial burden and high tissue metabolism. Armstrong et al studied the progression of wound healing in 332 diabetic foot patients using infrared thermometers and observed that the patients with a temperature difference at baseline between the infected and the healthy feet ≥ about 5.5 ◦ C were characterized by non-healing and acute wound, whereas differences ≤ 5.5 ◦ C were associated with the wounds in the healing phase [43]. This review describes sensors and biosensors that can be used to monitor the CRP, pH and temperature levels in wounds in order to provide a better care to patients and promote wound healing
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