Sensitivity of soil aggregation to soil organic carbon fractions under land-use conversion from rice to organic vegetable cultivation

Abstract

Conversion of rice-wheat rotation (RWR) to conventional vegetable cultivation, especially vegetable cultivation in plastic sheds, readily causes soil structure degradation, and organic manure is commonly applied to mitigate such degradation. Although many studies have focused on changes in SOC properties or structural soil parameters, additional details about the changes, such as the relationships between SOC fractions and soil aggregates during unique land-use changes, are unknown. Here, we studied the changes in soil aggregation, and SOC parameters in 14-year-old plastic-shed vegetable fields (PVFs) and open-air vegetable fields (OVFs) covered with organic manure, with adjacent RWR fields serving as a control. The vegetable fields were converted from RWR fields. SOC fractions were analyzed by using 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and the aggregate classes were divided as follows: large macro-aggregates (>2 mm), small macro-aggregates (2–0.25 mm), micro-aggregates (0.25–0.053 mm), and silt and clay particles (<0.053 mm). PVFs had higher SOC and MBC than OVFs and RWR fields. In terms of the SOC fractions, the proportion of O-alkyl C decreased as RWR (53.90%) > PVF (43.21%) > OVF (35.37%), in contrast to the trends in the carbonyl C and aromatic C fractions. The aggregate-associated C, especially that associated with large macro-aggregates and micro-aggregates, in the PVFs was highest among the treatments. The O-alkyl C fraction in large macro-aggregates decreased in the order RWR (44.67%) > OVF (35.76%) > PVF (32.40%), consistent with the results for micro-aggregates. Furthermore, there was a significant (P ≤ 0.05) positive relationship between macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) and the active C fractions, in contrast to the relationships with stable fractions. It suggested that plastic-shed cultivation might have a more positive effect than open-air cultivation on soil structure and the carbon stock when large amounts of organic manure are applied; moreover, the SOC quantity and quality affect soil aggregation differently.