Abstract
This study aimed to develop the method for determination of the ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (USPION)-originated iron (UOI) in the tissues of rats on the basis of the magnetic characteristics (MC) in the liver, left heart ventricle (LHV), kidneys, aorta and blood of Wistar-Kyoto (WKY). Rats were treated intravenously by USPIONs dispersed in saline (transmission electron microscope (TEM) mean size ~30 nm, hydrodynamic size ~51 nm, nominal iron content 1 mg Fe/mL) at the low iron dose of 1 mg/kg. MC in the form of the mass magnetisation (M) versus the magnetic field (H) curves and temperature dependences of M (determined using the SQUID magnetometer), histochemical determination of iron (by Perl’s method) and USPION-induced superoxide production (by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence) were investigated 100 min post-infusion. USPIONs significantly elevated superoxide production in the liver, LHV, kidney and aorta vs. the control group. Histochemical staining confirmed the presence of iron in all solid biological samples, however, this method was not suitable to unequivocally confirm the presence of UOI. We improved the SQUID magnetometric method and sample preparation to allow the determination of UOI by measurements of the MC of the tissues at 300 K in solid and liquid samples. The presence of the UOI was confirmed in all the tissues investigated in USPIONs-treated rats. The greatest levels were found in blood and lower amounts in the aorta, liver, LHV and kidneys. In conclusion, we have improved SQUID-magnetometric method to make it suitable for detection of low amounts of UOI in blood and tissues of rats.
Highlights
Biogenic iron is present in all biological systems
The advantage of the ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (USPION) lies in the possibility to use them for targeted drug delivery in the presence of the magnetic field [8]
The size of USPIONs confifirmed by the transmission electron mmiiccrroossccooppeewwaass2288––3322nnmm, t,htehzeeztaetpaopteontetinatliawlaws a−s12−m12Vm, pVo,lypdoilsypdeirsspiteyrsiintydeixndweaxs w0.a1s, a0n.1d, athnedhtyhderhoyddyrnoadmynicasmizice swizaes wabaosuatb4o5utn4m5 n(amllr. eBre).foBreefoi.rve. ia.dv.madinmisitnriasttiroantioton rtaotrsa, tUs,SUPSIOPINOsNwsewreraeuatuotcolacvlaevdedata1t21121°C◦Cfofror3030mmininaannddmmixixeeddwwiitthhsstteerriile saline to reach a fifinal dose of 1 mg of FFee//kkgg ooff bbooddyy wweeiigghhtt
Summary
Biogenic iron is present in all biological systems. Detail regulation of iron metabolism was described previously [1,2,3]. Nanomaterials, including iron nanoparticles (NPs), are widely used in various industrial applications. Intraendosomal degradation of nanoparticles poses a risk of iron overload, which may be dangerous mainly locally as they can modulate innate iron metabolism on systemic or cellular levels. There is an increasing number of studies that documented intracellular toxicity of iron NPs showing NP-induced inflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial disorders and oxidative damage [9,10]. Iron NPs may increase reactive oxygen species production and to produce oxidative stress, which can further induce adverse effects on DNA, proteins as well as membrane lipids [9,11] and to induce inflammation, changes in blood pressure (BP) regulatory systems via modulation of vascular function. There is still limited information on the uptake of the USPIONs to the individual organs and tissues and their possible effects on metabolism and physiological functions
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