Sensitive and simple method for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human urine, plasma and saliva by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Abstract

A method is proposed for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human urine, plasma and saliva. Nicotine and cotinine were extracted from alkalinized sample with ethyl ether and concentrated to minimum volume with nitrogen stream. The volatility of nicotine was prevented by the addition of acetic acid to the organic solvent during evaporation. Peak shapes and quantitation of nicotine and cotinine are excellent, with linear calibration curves over a wide range of 1–10 000 ng/ml. The detection limits of nicotine and cotinine are 0.2 ng/ml in urine and 1.0 ng/ml in plasma and saliva. The intra-day precision of nicotine and cotinine in all samples was <5% relative standard deviation (RSD). Urine, plasma and saliva samples of 303 non-smoking and 41 smoking volunteers from a girl’s high school in Korea were quantified by the described procedure. As a result, the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in plasma ranged from 6 to 498 ng/ml and 4 to 96 ng/ml. Otherwise, those of nicotine and cotinine in saliva ranged from 0 to 207 ng/ml and 0 to 42 ng/ml, and those of nicotine and cotinine in urine ranged from 0 to 1590 ng/ml and 0 to 2986 ng/ml, respectively. We found that the concentration of cotinine in plasma was successfully predicted from the salivary cotinine concentration by the equation y=2.31 x+4.76 ( x=the concentration of cotinine in saliva, y=the concentration of cotinine in plasma). The results show that through the accurate determination of cotinine in saliva, the risk of ETS-exposed human can be predicted.