Sensing volatile organic compounds in aquatic samples: a review

Abstract

ABSTRACT Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are toxic and harmful to human health; thus, their detection in water samples is critical for ensuring safe drinking water and protecting public health. The aim of this review was to explore the various techniques available in the literature for detecting VOCs in water samples and discuss their features, advantages, and limitations in facilitating fast and rapid VOC analysis. Established techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry offer high sensitivity and selectivity but are often hindered by complexity and cost. In contrast, emerging technologies like microfluidic gas sensors and cantilever-based sensors provide portable and real-time monitoring capabilities, although they may be susceptible to matrix effects. Overcoming these challenges requires advanced sample preparation techniques and method optimization. Additionally, the integration of machine learning algorithms and nanotechnology shows promise for enhancing sensitivity and precision in the detection of VOCs. By overcoming these limitations and leveraging technological advancements, researchers can improve water quality monitoring and help protect the environment.