Self-Powered Flexible Sensor Based on Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Noncontact Motion Sensing

Abstract

Flexible sensors with surface suitability for complex-shaped objects generally sense object motion through a contact mode, which limits their application range and shortens their service life. The development of flexible sensors with noncontact working modes can overcome these shortcomings. Herein, superhydrophobic and self-powered flexible sensors based on a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) were fabricated by a step-by-step swelling-permeation method to prepare natural latex films with carbon black and silica nanoparticles embedded on their inner and outer surfaces, respectively. In addition to sensing object motion through contact, the TENG-based sensor can also sense charged object motion in noncontact mode based on the principle of electrostatic induction. The TENG-based sensor can sense horizontal and vertical movements of objects above it and can even detect the movement of objects with speeds as low as 0.04 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\text{m}/\text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . Interestingly, the sensor’s ability to monitor object motion in noncontact mode remains unchanged even at 70% strain. The TENG-based sensor can also be used to distinguish the type and amount of charge carried by an object and can harvest energy from moving objects in noncontact mode. Combining a single-electrode TENG with a freestanding TENG allows monitoring of the motion direction of an object loading an unknown type of charge in a noncontact mode. Based on the characteristics of our TENG-based flexible sensors to sense moving objects in both contact and noncontact modes, they have potential applications for human-machine interfaces, smart wearable devices, and flexible robots.