Abstract
A self-driven sensor that can detect urine and urine sugar and can be mounted on diapers is desirable to reduce the burden of long-term care. In this study, we created a paper-based glucose biofuel cell that can be mounted on diapers to detect urine sugar. Electrodes for biofuel cells were produced by printing MgO-templated porous carbon on which poly(glycidyl methacrylate) was modified using graft polymerization. A new bioanode was prepared through covalently modifying flavin-adenine-dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and azure A with pendant glycidyl groups of poly(glycidyl methacrylate). We prepared a cathode with covalently bonded bilirubin oxidase. Covalent bonding of enzymes and mediators to both the bioanode and biocathode suppressed elution and improved stability. The biofuel cell could achieve a maximum output density of 0.12 mW cm–2, and by combining it with a wireless transmission device, the concentration of glucose sensed from the transmission frequency was in the range of 0–10 mM. The sensitivity of the sensor was estimated at 0.0030 ± 0.0002 Hz mmol–1 dm3. This device is expected to be a new urine-sugar detection device, composed only of organic materials with a low environmental load and it can be useful for detecting postprandial hyperglycemia.
Highlights
A self-driven sensor that can detect urine and urine sugar and can be mounted on diapers is desirable to reduce the burden of long-term care
Even if the fasting urine sugar level is within the normal range, postprandial hyperglycemia occurs in which the postprandial blood glucose level rises and the urinary sugar level increases
To improve the stability of the paper-based biofuel cell we developed earlier,[14] we prepared a bioanode in which azure A and flavin-adenine-dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (FAD-GDH) were immobilized by covalent bonding on porous carbon, namely, MgO-templated mesoporous carbon (MgOC),[20−23] using electron beam-induced graft polymerization
Summary
The GMgOC electrode maintained an 82% current value These results indicate that azure A and FAD-GDH were stably immobilized on the MgOC surface via reactions with PGMA. The biocathode using GMgOC maintained a current value of 74% after 10 cycles From these results, it was confirmed that the elution of BOD was suppressed by the covalently bonding of the amino group of BOD with the epoxy group of PGMA. The performance of the paper-based biofuel cells using MgOC and GMgOC in 100 mmol dm−3 glucose is shown (Figure 5). The relationship between the glucose concentration and output power density of the paper-based biofuel cell was evaluated at different glucose concentrations (1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 mmol dm−3) (Figure 6). Since this sensor shows good linearity and reproducibility in the determination range of diabetes, it can be used for the determination of diabetes
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