Abstract
Abstract Lab-scale continuous operation of self-forming microfiltration (MF) or ultrafiltration (UF) dynamic membranes were investigated simultaneously by applying iron oxide as an alternative treatment option in those waters having natural organic matter (NOM), iron and manganese. Both dynamic membranes gave high removal rates and effluent concentrations of pollutants were below the limit values in synthetic water. 60 and 62% (of DOC) and 75 and 78% (of UV254) were removed in low dissolved organic carbon (DOC) synthetic (LS) water by MF and UF dynamic membranes, respectively. Although only 42 and 49% (of DOC) and 48 and 53% (of UV254) could be removed by MF and UF dynamic membranes, respectively, a remarkable effect on fouling alleviation was observed in high DOC synthetic (HS) water. Iron oxide did not enhance the removal of organic matter in low DOC natural (LN) water as much as it did in synthetic water. Iron oxide led to the removal of high molecular weight organics, thus reversible fouling was reduced almost 2 orders of magnitude through both types of dynamic membranes in high DOC natural (HN) water. Reversible and irreversible resistances were reduced by iron oxide to some extent in LN water. Nevertheless the effect of iron oxide on fouling alleviation was much higher in HN rather than in LN water.
Highlights
Fouling is the most important hindrance in membrane applications
The impact of iron oxide on DOC and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) removal Figure 2 shows the impact of iron oxide on DOC and UV254 removal in both synthetic and natural waters
The Fe(II) concentration was not much, aeration pretreatment resulted in 20% of DOC and 26% of UV254 removal in low DOC synthetic water (LS)
Summary
Fouling is the most important hindrance in membrane applications. The existence of NOM is an important issue affecting the performance and design of drinking water treatment plants. Manganese is known to be one of the important components of water which causes fouling along with NOM. Various types of membranes have been applied to remove NOM and manganese in the past; it was shown that membranes were subjected to severe fouling, in addition to their low retention rate (Cote et al 1998; Choo et al 2005; Zularisam et al 2007; Choi et al 2008; Park & Yoon 2009). Pre-coagulation has been shown as effective to some extent to control fouling (Miljatovic et al 2004; Pikkarainen et al 2004; Shon et al 2005), but additional organic matter removal was poor. Strong oxidant application may induce adverse effect on algal cell breakage, so resultant intracellular organics may be released (Fan et al 2014)
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