Abstract

DNA nanotechnology takes DNA molecule out of its biological context to build nanostructures that have entered the realm of robots and thus added a dimension to cyborg and bionic systems. Spurred by spring-like properties of DNA molecule, the assembled nanorobots can be tuned to enable restricted, mechanical motion by deliberate design. DNA nanorobots can be programmed with a combination of several unique features, such as tissue penetration, site-targeting, stimuli responsiveness, and cargo-loading, which makes them ideal candidates as biomedical robots for precision medicine. Even though DNA nanorobots are capable of detecting target molecule and determining cell fate via a variety of DNA-based interactions both in vitro and in vivo, major obstacles remain on the path to real-world applications of DNA nanorobots. Control over nanorobot's stability, cargo loading and release, analyte binding, and dynamic switching both independently and simultaneously represents the most eminent challenge that biomedical DNA nanorobots currently face. Meanwhile, scaling up DNA nanorobots with low-cost under CMC and GMP standards represents other pertinent challenges regarding the clinical translation. Nevertheless, DNA nanorobots will undoubtedly be a powerful toolbox to improve human health once those remained challenges are addressed by using a scalable and cost-efficient method.

Highlights

  • In nature, DNA molecule is typically used by biological systems to store and transmit genetic information

  • DNA nanorobots constructed with several fluorescent dyemodified oligonucleotides have been used for spatiotemporal mapping of a wide scope of ions (i.e., H+, Cl, Na+, K+, and Ag+) based on the conformational transition of i-motif in Cyborg and Bionic Systems

  • DNA nanorobots can act as an ideal candidate for precision therapeutic applications through a combination of several unique features of tissue penetration, site-targeting, and cargo delivery

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Summary

Introduction

DNA molecule is typically used by biological systems to store and transmit genetic information. DNA in the assembled nanostructure retains most of these spring-like properties [4].

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