Abstract
DNA nanotechnology holds substantial promise for future biomedical engineering and the development of novel therapies and diagnostic assays. The subnanometer‐level addressability of DNA nanostructures allows for their precise and tailored modification with numerous chemical and biological entities, which makes them fit to serve as accurate diagnostic tools and multifunctional carriers for targeted drug delivery. The absolute control over shape, size, and function enables the fabrication of tailored and dynamic devices, such as DNA nanorobots that can execute programmed tasks and react to various external stimuli. Even though several studies have demonstrated the successful operation of various biomedical DNA nanostructures both in vitro and in vivo, major obstacles remain on the path to real‐world applications of DNA‐based nanomedicine. Here, we summarize the current status of the field and the main implementations of biomedical DNA nanostructures. In particular, we focus on open challenges and untackled issues and discuss possible solutions.
Highlights
DNA nanotechnology holds substantial promise for future biomed- From the Contents ical engineering and the development of novel therapies and diagnostic assays
In addition to drug and enzyme delivery, DNA nanostructures (DN) are investigated as delivery vehicles for therapeutic nucleic acids such as small interfering RNA, antisense RNAs, and genes.[38,39,40]
In the case of DN, Perrault and Shih[85] as well as Auvinen et al.[106] observed remarkable immune activation in mice splenocytes incubated with plain 3D DNA origami (DO) just by monitoring their cytokine production, namely interleukin 6 (IL-6) and/or interleukin 12 (IL-12) levels
Summary
Nanostructures accurate diagnostic tools and multifunctional carriers for targeted drug delivery. Stabilizing DN under such adverse ered an exotic niche topic, the field of DNA nanotechnology conditions without impairing their desired biomedical funchas immensely grown over the past decade, both on the tion represents the most prominent challenge that we experimental and computational side.[3] As an indication of currently face on the road to real-world applications In this this, DNA nanostructures (DN) are currently applied in Review, we shall first introduce the various therapeutic and research areas as diverse as nanoelectronics, chemical sensing, diagnostic applications of DN before summarizing the molecular computing, and biomedicine.[4] The latter field in challenges imposed on DN stability and functionality by the particular has recently made impressive progress toward the physiological environment. Chemie shortcomings, unsolved issues, and potential conflicts with regard to DN functionality
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