Abstract
The vermilion of the human lip, covered by a skinny epithelium with little melanin, is quite susceptible to damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure. However, commercial sunscreen filters and indelible dyes used in lipsticks can cause health hazards after percutaneous absorption or accidentally oral administration. Inspired by plant pigmentation as natural filters to protect themselves against overexposure to UV, safer bio-based sunscreens of cellulose enveloped with anthocyanin (AN) were developed using bionic design. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), derived from acid hydrolysis of cellulose, reinforced enhancement of UV absorption and shielding properties of AN. This innovation addresses the issue that naturally sourced UV filter application to sunscreen does not achieve a desired sun protection factor (SPF) value because of the low specific extinction value (E1,1). We also stated that the diverse formula of anthocyanin sunscreen lipsticks with CNC exhibited 10 times more SPF value than AN alone. Furthermore, they possess competitive benefits such as pleasing texture, superior adhesion, impermeable, nonphototoxicity, ease of application, and removal. This work provides a promising proof-of-concept for studying the features of natural sunscreens in the design of simple, safe, efficient, and green sunscreens.
Highlights
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is known to damage the structure and function of the skin
DMEM, penicillin, and streptomycin solution were purchased from HyClone (GE Health Care Life Science, USA), while B27 was obtained from Gibco (Thermo Fisher, USA)
Inspired by plant pigmentation as natural filters to protect themselves against overexposure to UV, binding of AN to Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) was designed and prepared
Summary
Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is known to damage the structure and function of the skin. As recently as 1985, the significance of UV-induced lip cancer was recognized [2, 3]. The lips are covered by a very thin orthokeratotic horny layer, containing little melanin. They are highly sensitive to chemical and physical insults, especially UV-exposed lip skin. UV radiation damages human lips, including photoaging, actinic cheilitis, and malignant tumor [4, 5]. Oral exposure to UV radiation is associated with a higher risk of cancer than skin exposure [6]
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