Abstract
This study assesses the efficacy of different nanoemulsion formulations as new and innovative adjuvants for improving the in vivo immunization against the Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. Nanoemulsions were designed testing key-variables such as surfactants, co-solvents, and the influence of the temperature, which would be able to induce the phase transition from a liquid crystal to a stable nanoemulsion, assessed for four months. Additionally, cationic-covered nanoemulsion with hyper-branched poly(ethyleneimine) was prepared and its performance was compared to the non-cationic ones. The physicochemical properties of the selected nanoemulsions and the interactions among their involved formulation compounds were carefully monitored. The cytotoxicity studies in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and red blood cells were used to compare different formulations. Moreover, the performance of the nanoemulsion systems as biocompatible adjuvants was evaluated using mice immunization protocol. The FTIR shifts and the zeta potential changes (from −18.3 ± 1.0 to + 8.4 ± 1.4) corroborated with the expected supramolecular anchoring of venom proteins on the surface of the nanoemulsion droplets. Cell culture assays demonstrated the non-toxicity of the formulations at concentrations less than 1.0 mg/mL, which were able to inhibit the hemolytic effect of the scorpion venom. The cationic-covered nanoemulsion has shown superior adjuvant activity, revealing the highest IgG titer in the immunized animals compared to both the non-cationic counterpart and the traditional aluminum adjuvant. In this approach, we demonstrate the incredible potential application of nanoemulsions as adjuvants, using a nanotechnology platform for antigen delivery system on immune cells. Additionally, the functionalization with hyper-branched poly(ethyleneimine) enhances this recognition and improves its action in immunization.
Highlights
Scorpion sting is the most common and primary cause of death caused by accidents with venomous animals in tropical and sub-tropical countries [1]
The initial trials of formulations revealed that the use of soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC) only, as a surfactant, evePnharamsascoecuitiactse2d02w0, i1t2h NMP was unable to producing stable nanoemulsions and the phase separat1i0oonf 23 occurred rapidly
We found interesting NEs containing of approximately 8% w/w of surfactant mixture (Table 1) in which 75% is SPC, a biocompatible surfactant used in parenteral nutrition formulations
Summary
Scorpion sting is the most common and primary cause of death caused by accidents with venomous animals in tropical and sub-tropical countries [1]. The antiserum therapy is the only approved and available treatment for accidents with venomous animals such as spiders, snakes, and scorpions These immunotherapeutic products are produced by the immunization of horses, by injecting the specific venom associated with a suitable traditional adjuvant. Tityus serrulatus venom (TsV) presents a complex and rich composition, which includes oligopeptides, glycosaminoglycans, proteins, nucleotides, amino acids, and a vast variety of peptides. Some of these compounds are capable to modulate ionic channels such as Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Cl−, with enzymes activity, mainly neurotoxins [3,4]. The peptides and proteins can be anchored on the surface of particles by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions [6,7,8]
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