Abstract
An optimal payload selection conducted in the frame of the H2020 ONION project (id 687490) is presented based on the ability to cover the observation needs of the Copernicus system in the time period 2020–2030. Payload selection is constrained by the variables that can be measured, the power consumption, and weight of the instrument, and the required accuracy and spatial resolution (horizontal or vertical). It involved 20 measurements with observation gaps according to the user requirements that were detected in the top 10 use cases in the scope of Copernicus space infrastructure, 9 potential applied technologies, and 39 available commercial platforms. Additional Earth Observation (EO) infrastructures are proposed to reduce measurements gaps, based on a weighting system that assigned high relevance for measurements associated to Marine for Weather Forecast over Polar Regions. This study concludes with a rank and mapping of the potential technologies and the suitable commercial platforms to cover most of the requirements of the top ten use cases, analyzing the Marine for Weather Forecast, Sea Ice Monitoring, Fishing Pressure, and Agriculture and Forestry: Hydric stress as the priority use cases.
Highlights
The Copernicus system, previously known as Global Monitoring for Environmental Security (GMES), is a revolutionary program of the European Union (EU) to address the end-user requirements over six thematic services: Atmosphere, Marine, Land, Climate Change, Emergency Management, and Security
Contributing missions with space infrastructure are the Earth Explorer missions [1] operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), the meteorological missions operated by the European Organization for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), and Earth Observation (EO) missions operated by the European Union (EU), third countries, and commercial providers
Future Sentinel missions that will be launched in the decade are Sentinel-4 for atmospheric chemistry as hosted payload over Meteosat Third Generation-Sounding (MTG-S); Sentinel-5 will be launched as hosted payloads over MetOp-Second generation (MetOp Second Generation (SG)) for atmospheric chemistry, aerosol and spectral irradiance studies; and Sentinel-6 will be launched in a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) inclined over the equator for ocean altimetry as an international program between ESA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Centre for Space Studies (CNES), EUMETSAT, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Summary
Marine for Weather Forecast, Sea Ice Monitoring, Fishing Pressure, and Agriculture and Forestry: Hydric Stress use cases involved all the measurements with observations gaps detected over Copernicus space infrastructure in the period 2020–2030. The Marine for Weather Forecast, Sea Ice Monitoring, and Fishing Pressure use cases are ranked as the emerging observation needs These use cases required measurements that are of crucial importance for a wide range of activities from maritime traffic, fishery, environment, food and medicine supply for populations at high latitudes, as well as for oil and gas operations. Based on the survey of the instrument capabilities and data quality, a summary of the existing, and emerging in EO sensors is given, including the scientific and technological limitations in terms of spatial resolution, accuracy, and swath Within these bounds, the potential instruments are selected according to the available commercial small platforms. ASCAT/MetOp SCA/MetOP-SG SEVERI/MSG MSI, CPR/Earth-CARE IASI and AVHRR-3/MetOp METimage,IASI-NG/MetOp-SG FCI/MTG-I IRS/MTG-S HYC/PRISMA FLORIS/FLEX
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