Abstract
AbstractVegetation diversity and health is multidimensional and only partially understood due to its complexity. So far there is no single monitoring approach that can sufficiently assess and predict vegetation health and resilience. To gain a better understanding of the different remote sensing (RS) approaches that are available, this chapter reviews the range of Earth observation (EO) platforms, sensors, and techniques for assessing vegetation diversity. Platforms include close-range EO platforms, spectral laboratories, plant phenomics facilities, ecotrons, wireless sensor networks (WSNs), towers, air- and spaceborne EO platforms, and unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Sensors include spectrometers, optical imaging systems, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and radar. Applications and approaches to vegetation diversity modeling and mapping with air- and spaceborne EO data are also presented. The chapter concludes with recommendations for the future direction of monitoring vegetation diversity using RS.
Highlights
Stress, disturbance, and resource limitations such as anthropogenic changes to ecosystems all lead to changes in biodiversity and vegetation diversity (Cardinale et al 2012) on different scales of biological organization as well as disturbances in the interactions between trophic levels and ecosystem functions, impairing ecosystem services such as pollination or soil fertility (Cord et al 2017)
Stress, disturbances, and resource limitations in vegetation diversity, we have to differentiate between two monitoring approaches: (i) in-situ approaches, whereby the most important monitoring concepts are the phylogenetic species concept (PSC, Eldredge and Cracraft 1980), the biological species concept (BSC, Mayr 1942) and the morphological species concept (MSC, Mayr 1969) and (ii) physically based approaches of remote sensing (RS) (Lausch et al 2018b)
The results showed different reactions and trade-offs to maintain plant functioning under drought stress conditions
Summary
Disturbance, and resource limitations such as anthropogenic changes to ecosystems all lead to changes in biodiversity and vegetation diversity (Cardinale et al 2012) on different scales of biological organization as well as disturbances in the interactions between trophic levels and ecosystem functions, impairing ecosystem services such as pollination or soil fertility (Cord et al 2017). Vegetation diversity is multidimensional, multifactorial, and tremendously complex in time and space (Lausch et al 2018a) This level of complexity can only be fully understood when monitoring approaches are applied to record different characteristics of vegetation. Stress, disturbances, and resource limitations in vegetation diversity, we have to differentiate between two monitoring approaches: (i) in-situ approaches, whereby the most important monitoring concepts are the phylogenetic species concept (PSC, Eldredge and Cracraft 1980), the biological species concept (BSC, Mayr 1942) and the morphological species concept (MSC, Mayr 1969) and (ii) physically based approaches of remote sensing (RS) (Lausch et al 2018b). Unlike in-situ approaches, RS records the biochemical, biophysical, physiognomic, morphological, structural, phenological, and functional characteristics of vegetation diversity at all scales, from the molecular and individual plant levels to communities and the entire ecosystem, based on the principles of image spectroscopy across the electromagnetic spectrum from the visible to the microwave (Ustin and Gamon 2010). The focus here is to give an overview of existing close-range RS platforms as well as air- and spaceborne RS platforms for assessing plant diversity
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