Abstract
The countries that have experienced the phenomenon of terrorism have established appropriate institutional and legal systems to counteract this threat. France, Germany and the Russian Federation all have a history of terrorist attacks on their territory. Each of these countries has proper legal and institutional arrangements. Democratic states use these tools to protect democratic values, while the Russian Federation also uses them to suppress political opposition and as a part of a larger system of armed struggle against Ukraine. Regardless of the political regime, each country has a ‘self-defence’ structure which ensures the stability of the system.
Published Version
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