Seismic Stratigraphy in Low-Energy Carbonate Depositional Environment: ABSTRACT

Abstract

Seismic stratigraphic mapping in carbonate rocks has been historically concentrated on the shelf margin environment where unit geometry and abrupt facies-velocity changes are often easily discernible with the seismic tool. In contrast, low-energy, more subtle shelf interior stratigraphic features have attracted less geophysical attention. This report describes the study of seismic data from five United States oil fields which produce from reservoirs formed from shelf interior deposits. Three Smackover fields, a Permian basin producer, and a Williston basin example are compared. Review of the depositional model indicates the difficulty of seismic mapping in non-reef carbonates. If sedimentary accretion is nearly vertical, porosity traps are predicted to exhibit only lateral change in unit velocity. In regressive or transgressive sequences, the geologic model indicates that angular discordance due to sediment buildup in combination with a velocity contrast generates an angular feature that has a different velocity pattern. These five fields provide examples of both trap types. Jay field (Florida) and Walker Creek field (Arkansas) both produce from the Smackover Formation and are (seismic-defined) stratigraphic traps which illustrate angular discordance and velocity contrast owing to regressive buildup. The trapping mechanism at Big Escambia Creek (Alabama), also productive from the Smackover, is from a transgressive pulse devoid of vertical buildup. Hence, the porosity trap is indicated only by a lateral velocity change without angular discordance. Subsurface geologic sections of San Andres production End_Page 798------------------------------ at Cato San Andres field (New Mexico) and Mission Canyon pay at Haas field (North Dakota) reveal no diachronous buildup. As expected these fields demonstrate only a lateral change in velocity within the formation. Application of stratigraphic-seismic techniques to low-energy carbonate facies can fall into two depositionally controlled divisions. When sediment accretes vertically, traps are mapped solely by lateral changes in velocity. Sedimentary buildup in transgressive or regressive sequences provides angularity, which combined with velocity contrast facilitates seismic detection of the trap. End_of_Article - Last_Page 799------------