Abstract
We performed direct numerical simulations of non-Brownian sedimenting particles, using a smooth profile method over a wide range of volume fractions from 0.01 to 0.5. We found that hydrodynamic velocity fluctuations scale as ϕ1/2, both parallel and perpendicular to gravity at low volume fractions (ϕ ≤ 0.04) due to anisotropic microstructure and decay with further increase in ϕ because of many body hydrodynamic interactions. Unlike velocity fluctuations, vertical relaxation times scale as ϕ−1/2 for the full range of volume fractions, whereas horizontal relaxation times decrease as ϕ−1/2 at low volume fractions, remain unchanged and then decrease sharply at high volume fractions. Similarly, horizontal and vertical diffusion coefficients increase as ϕ1/2 at low volume fractions. Moreover, vertical diffusion decays with further increase in ϕ, whereas horizontal diffusion remains unchanged and then decreases. The microstructure analysis of the suspension showed that at low volume fractions the anisotropic microstructure determines the transport properties and at ϕ > 0.12 many body interactions govern the system properties, whereas a cross-over exists in between these two regimes.
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